LAw

Definition of Law

Law is a system of rules laid down by an authority which regulates human actions and behaviour. It also governs the relationship between individuals and also between individuals and the state. Laws are framed by parliament and bodies empowered by parliament.  Violations of laws can result in sanctions in the form of penalties or punishment. Violation of some laws however will not have any sanctions.

Laws which only have force within a defined territory such a country and govern the relationship between citizens/residents and between citizens/residents and the state are known as municipal laws.  Municipal laws will usually not have any force outside the territory. Municipal laws are made by Parliament. Subordinate municipal laws are made by government authorities when they have been empowered to do so by parliament. In countries like Bangladesh, which have a constitution, municipal laws will have to be consistent with the constitution.

International laws govern both human and state conduct and rights. They determine how boundaries are drawn and also proscribe certain conduct such as torture, genocide and crimes against humanity.  They are not limited by state boundaries and operate irrespective of municipal laws. The origin of international law is custom and treaties.

Rule of Law:  Rule of Law implies that the laws are enforced against all irrespective of their status or position in society. Sometimes laws passed by state authorities can be in violation of the Rule of Law, i.e. when a law is passed to punish someone after he has done something that is not approved by the government. The Rule of Law also implies that no action detrimental to a person’s interest can be taken without a specific law. It also implies that a person cannot be punished without being found guilty by a court of law

Examples

Rule of Law: In a country where the Rule of Law prevails, both a  Minister and an ordinary citizen (not holding any government post) is liable to prosecuted for violation of traffic laws.

Municipal Law: Under the Digital Security Act, 2018 of Bangladesh criticizing the Prime Minister is a punishable offence. This law only has territorial application within Bangladesh. It has no application in other countries, such as the UK for instance, where such criticism is considered an exercise of the freedom of speech (Although there should not be any conundrum about this example, this however might be considered as a bone of contention by the government of the day, so a different example can be put into).

International Law: International crimes such as genocide and crimes against humanity are offences under international law wherever they are committed. Although international crimes may be committed outside the UK, they are triable by UK courts under universal jurisdiction.

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of the following is a law?
(a) A system of rules passed by Parliament about how to use the roads and motorways failure to
comply with which results in fine or imprisonment.
(b) A direction by an employer to do a task under threat of fine or physical punishment.
(c) A direction by a teacher to do your homework.
(d) All of the above.

2. Which is an example of compliance with rule of law? (the same reason above repeated)
(a) A government official is not fined for driving on the wrong side of the road because he is an
important official.
(b) The Prime Minister is prosecuted for taking bribes from companies for providing state
contracts.
(c) The Prime Minister is not prosecuted for taking bribes from companies for providing state
contracts as he/she has been elected by an overwhelming majority.
(d) A person is fined by the police without being provided with any reason.

3. Which of the following is a municipal law :
(a) Law governing payment of income tax.
(b) Law governing determination of fishing rights in the river between two countries
(c) Law governing diplomatic immunity for ambassadors
(d) None of the above

4. Municipal laws:
(a) Have to be consistent with the Constitution
(b) Have to be consistent with international law
(c) Have to be consistent with the values and beliefs of the majority of the population.
(d) Have to comply with all of the above.

5. Which of the following can be considered as international law(s)?
(a) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(b) The Vienna Convention on Treaties
(c) The Torture Convention (a treaty)
(d) All of the above

6. The source of most laws can be traced back to :
(a) Parliament
(b) The Prime Minister
(c) Police
(d) The Army

7. In a country with a constitution, all laws must comply with the:
(a) The Constitution
(b) The directions of the Prime Minister and his/her Cabinet
(c) The laws made by Parliament
(d) All of the above

8. What is an example of a bad law (i.e. a law that does not comply with the Rule of Law) is?
(a) A law which is passed to take action against a person after he has done something that the state
does not approve of.
(b) A law which is passed to take action before a person has done something that the state does
not approve of.
(c) A law the violation of which carries a huge fine.
(d) A law imposing high taxes.
Ans: This is a bad law because when the action is taken by a person, he had not committed a
crime. Such a law also violates the constitution
9. Which of the following institutions can punish you for a criminal offence such as theft.
(a) The Police
(b) The Courts
(c) The Army
(d) All of the above

10. What do laws do?
(a) Govern how citizens may interact with each other and their relationships
(b) Govern relationship s between citizens and the state
(c) Regulate the personal/private affairs of citizens
(d) All of the above

INTRDOUCTION TO OFFENCES AND PUNISHMENT
One of the purposes of the laws is to prevent harm to individuals and the state. Harm is prevented by framing criminal laws which govern the conduct and relationship between individuals and between the individuals and the state. Criminal laws specify the type of conduct or behaviour that is proscribed. An offence take laces when a criminal law is violated. Punishment takes places when the offence is proved in
by a court of law. Punishment can take various forms. It can be in the form of a fine (which is a financial penalty) or in the form of a custodial sentence which involves spending time at a correctional facility or
jail. Serious crimes in some countries such as Bangladesh attract the death penalty. Here, the state executes an offender for committing an offence.

Most criminal laws deal with offences against individuals. These are offences which harm individuals the vast majority of these offences are specified in the Penal Code, 1860 which defines most basis crimes
such as murder, rape, theft, assault. Murder is defined as the causing of death by doing an act with the intention of causing death; or with intention of causing bodily injury likely to cause death; or with the
intention of causing bodily injury which is sufficient in the ordinary course of events to cause death; or committing an act with the knowledge that it will in all probability cause death. Murder is punishable with
death or imprisonment for life and a fine, Hurt is defined as causing bodily pain disease or infirmity and voluntarily causing hurt is punishable with punishment up 1 year and/or a fine of BDT 1000 (GBP 10).
Rape is defined as has sexual intercourse with a woman against her will; or without her consent; or with consent obtained by putting her in fear of death or hurt; with consent procured by leading her to believe
that she is married to the offender; or with or without her consent if she is under 14 years of age, The punishment for rape is Theft is defined as taking dishonestly taking of property from the possession of
another person without his/her consent. The punishment for theft is imprisonment for 3 years and/or a fine. And assault is defined as making any gesture or preparation that will cause a person to believe that
criminal force will be used against him/her. The punishment for assault is imprisonment for 3 years and/or a fine of up to Tk 500 (i.e. £ 5(approx.)).
Attempts: Criminal laws of most countries including Bangladesh not only punish the offence itself but attempts to commit the offence. Thus steps taken in preparation of committing an offence such as theft
(although not completed because the would-be perpetrators were stopped by the police) will constitute the offence of “attempted theft” under Bangladesh law.
Abetting: It is also an offence to abet (i.e. aid) to a person in the commission of an offence. Under section 107 of the Penal Code of Bangladesh, a person abets an offence when he instigates any person to commit
an offence; or engages with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the commission of that offence, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy, and in order to the
doing of that thing or intentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission, the commission of that offence.
For instance providing a weapon to a person knowing that it will be used in a theft (without any other involvement) will be regarded as aiding the offence of theft.
Some laws are designed to protect the state. There are many laws which define offences against the state. Such offences include sedition (section 124A of the Penal Code), using a digital platform to undermine
the state (section 25 of the Digital Security Act, 2018). These offences do not harm individuals but affect the state. Digital and Cyber crimes: Unlawfully entering into a computer network (i.e. hacking) is an offence under section 18 of the Digital Security Act, 2018 which is punishable by 3 years imprisonment and/or a fine of
Tk. 1 million (£10,000). Unlawfully collecting data from a computer network, destroying data or inserting a virus is an offence under section 19 of the Digital Security Act, 2018 punishable with 7 years
imprisonment and/or a fine of Tk. 1 million (£10,000). Most digital or cyber crimes are not much different from their regular counterparts. Thus defamation is punishable under section 500 of the
Bangladesh Penal Code with a 2 year term of imprisonment and/or a fine. When the offence of defamation is committed through digital means (i.e. facebook or twitter), it is an offence under section 29 of the
Digital Security Act, 2018 and punishable with 3 years imprisonment and/or a fine of Tk. 500,000 (£5,000).

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL LAWS
Some laws govern human interactions. For instance the Contract Act, 1872 governs how individual may enter into contractual relationships with another. It specifies which contracts are lawful and will be
enforced by the courts. The Contract Act, 1872 will uphold most contracts freely entered between parties unless there is evidence of coercion, undue influence or misrepresentation. Contracts which are void are those that restrain marriage of two persons, prevent a person from engaging in a certain trade or profession, contracts for immoral purposes or contracts which are against public policy.

There is the law of torts, which governs the duties an individual have towards another and the compensation payable for such breach of duties. Thus for instance, where a person due to negligence
causes physical injury or loss to another, the law of torts dictates that the person causing the injury is liable to compensate the victim. Thus a person who suffers physically injury at restaurant due to poorly
maintained furniture or due to slippery floors, is liable to be compensated for the injury/loss causes to her because of the accident by the owner of restaurant.
There are also laws that govern how individuals may form associations. Under the Companies Act, 1994 of Bangladesh, a minimum of two individuals may set up a company for the purpose of carrying out any
profit-making activity (A recent change in the law would mean that a single person is now eligible to form a company). Charitable companies may also be set up under the Companies Act, 1994. The Companies
Act, regulates and defines the rights and responsibilities of the persons forming the company (i.e. the shareholders) and the persons running the company (i.e. its directors).
Seven or more persons may also set up a society. A society is a non-profit making organisation which pursuits can be charitable, educational or scientific. The Societies Registration Act, 1860 governs the
rights and duties of members of the society. There are other civil laws which govern taxation (income tax law, customs laws and VAT). Through
taxation the government can regulate the behaviour of citizens. For instance, taxes on tobacco and alcohol are high because the government wants to discourage their consumption.
There are also financial laws, including banking laws and securities laws. Banking laws govern how one may keep their wealth in banks or obtain loans from banks. Securities laws provide guidelines as to how
one may invest in the stock markets. These laws ensure that investors and issuers of securities do not abuse their positions and the trading systems.
Many areas of human behaviour and conduct are not regulated. The state may decide to regulate previously unregulated conduct. For instance, before the advent of Uber in Bangladesh ride-sharing
service were not regulated. However, with the entry of Uber into the Bangladesh market and a proliferation of ride-sharing services, the state has decided to regulate this sector in the interest of safety
and security of passengers and drivers by framing the “Ride Sharing Service Guideline, 2017”.

Multiple Choice Questions:
1. What is the state of mind required for murder?
(a) intention to cause death;
(b) intention to cause injury which the offender knows is likely to cause death;
(c) intention to cause injury which in the ordinary course will cause death;
(d) Any of the above.
Ans: Both (a), (b) and (c) are all the states of mind necessary for offences of murder. See section 299
of the Penal Code.
2. What is minimum punishment for murder in Bangladesh?
(a) 10 years imprisonment with fine
(b) Life imprisonment with fine
(c) 20 years imprisonment with fine
(d) death sentence with fine.

3. What is maximum punishment for murder in Bangladesh?
(a) 10 years imprisonment with fine
(b) Life imprisonment with fine
(c) 20 years imprisonment with fine
(d) death sentence with fine.

4. Which of the following is characterised as grievous hurt?
(a) fracture of a bone
(b) fracture of a tooth
(c) disfiguration of the face
(d) all of the above.
Explanation: The list is provided in section 320 of the Penal Code

5. Which of the following is grievous hurt?
(a) permanent loss of the sight of one eye.
(b) A cut requiring stitches
(c) A bruise
(d) None of the above.
Note: See section 320 of the Penal Code.
6. What is/are the element(s) of theft?
(a) Dishonest intention.
(b) removal of moveable property of another
(c) without the consent
(d) All of the above.

7. What is the state of mind for rape of the victim?
(a) without her consent;
(B) consent obtained by putting her in fear of death or hurt;
(b) with consent procured by leading her to believe that she is married to the offender
(c) Any of the above

8. What is an attempt to commit an offence?

(a) A thinks about committing a crime but does nothing
(b) A buys equipment for breaking into a shop and approaches the shop but is caught by the police
before he can break in and cause any damage or steal anything.
(c) A talks about breaking into a shop with his friends.
(d) None of the above
Note: A has performed acts in preparation of the offence.

9. What is abetting an offence?
(a) Providing tool to someone commit an offence
(b) Providing encouragement to someone to commit an offence
(c) Driving a getaway vehicle
(d) All of the above.

10. Which of the following is not defamation?
(a) a publication criticising the policies of a minister.
(b) a publication making adverse comments about a work of art.
(c) a publication making adverse comments about a novel.
(d) a publication making adverse comments about the private life of a minister

11. What is defamation?
(a) Shouting abuse at someone
(b) Cursing someone
(c) Causing harm to someone’s reputation
(d) All of the above
Note: See section 499 of the Penal Code.

12. Which of the following is not a dowry?
(a) money demanded by bridegroom’s father from bride’s father as a condition of marriage.
(b) money demanded by husband from wife’s family as condition for continuing marital relations.
(c) a specific gift such as a car demanded by bridegroom’s family from bride’s family as condition
for marriage
(d) Money/value payable by the bridegroom/ bridegroom’s family to bride under Islamic Law for
the marriage.

Note: All payments (excluding payments of dower mandated by Islamic law fall within the
definition of dowry)

13. What is the maximum prison sentence for demanding dowry?
(a) 6 months
(b) 1 year
(c) 5 years
(d) 10 years

14. Which of the following is dowry
(a) wedding gifts by friends
(b) wedding gifts by family of the bridegroom
(c) a gift demanded by the bridegroom from the bride’s father.
(d) None of the above.

15. Which of the following is not defamation?
(a) a publication lowers the reputation of a person
(b) a publication lowers the reputation of a person but the publication is in the public good
because it make the public aware of a dangerous person
(c) the publication lowers the reputation of a person and hurts his feelings
(d) the publication lowers the reputation of a person and causes distress to his family including
children
Note: See first exception to section 499 of the Penal Code.

16. Which of the following is not defamation?
(a) a publication lowers the reputation a public servant but made in respect of the conduct of a
public servant in the discharge of his official duties.
(b) Any publication that lowers the reputation a public servant.
(c) Any publication about the personal life of a public servant that lowers the reputation the public
servant.
(d) None of the above.
Note: See second exception to section 499 of the Penal Code.

17. Which of the following is not defamation?
(e) a publication lowers the reputation a person but made on the basis of court proceedings.

(f) Any publication that lowers the reputation a person.
(g) Both of the above.
(h) None of the above.
Note: See fourth exception to section 499 of the Penal Code.
18. Which of the following is not defamation?
(a) Criticism of a published book which is submitted by the author to the judgment of the public.
(b) Criticism of a speech in public,
(c) Criticism of a song sung in public
(d) All of the above.
Note: See the fourth exception to section 499 of the Penal Code

19. Which of the following is not defamation?
(a) If A in good faith accuses Z before a Magistrate;
(b) If A in good faith complains of the conduct of Z, a servant, to Z’s master;
(c) If A in good faith complains of the conduct of Z, a child, to Z’s father.
(d) All of the above.
Note: See the eighth exception to section 499 of the Penal Code

20. What is the punishment for defamation?
(a) 5 years imprisonment and fine
(b) 2 years imprisonment.
(c) 2 years imprisonment and/or fine
(d) None of the above.
Note: See section 500 of Penal Code.

21. What is criminal intimidation?
(a) Shouting abuse at someone
(b) Cursing someone
(c) Threatening harm to someone’s reputation, property or body
(d) All of the above

22. What are the essential elements of corruption?
(a) The perpetrator must be a public official
(b) He/she must obtain a gratification

(c) The gratification is a reward for doing or forbearing to do an official act.
(d) All of the above.
Note : See section 161 of the Penal Code, 1860.

23. What is the state of mind required for a forgery?
(a) intention to cause injury to the public or any person,
(b) intention to support any claim or title to property
(c) intention to commit fraud
(d) Any of the above
Note: See section 463 of the Penal Code
24. What is not criminal trespass?

(a) Entering into the property of another without permission to intimidate
(b) Entering the property of another with permission and then remaining thereto intimidate
(c) Entering into the property of another without permission
(d) Entering into the property of another without permission to insult

Note: See section 441 of the Penal Code. (a), (b) and (d) are criminal trespass. Mere entering into
the property of another without the intention to intimidate or insult is not criminal trespass,
although it may carry a civil liability.

25. What is the difference between robbery and dacoity?
(a) dacoity is robbery by five persons
(b)There is no difference
(c) dacoity is robbery by many persons
(d)None of the above
Note: See section 391 of the Pena Code

26. What are the elements of the criminal offence of extortion?
(a) putting a person in fear of any injury
(b) having a dishonest intention
(c) inducing the person put in fear to give donation/ subscription
(d) All of the above.

Note: See section 383 of the Penal Code

27. What is the punishment for belonging to a gag of thieves?
(a) 7 years imprisonment and fine
(b) 5 years imprisonment and fine
(c) 5 imprisonment
(d) None of the above.
Note: See section 401 of the Penal Code

28. What are the elements of the crime of falsification of accounts?
(a) the offender has to be a clerk, servant or officer
(b) he destroys, alters, mutilates or falsifies any book, paper, etc.
(c) has the intention to defraud
(d) All of the above.
Ans: See section 477A of the Penal Code

29. What can you contract for
(a) That a person cannot marry a specific woman
(b) That a person cannot marry at all because of employment restrictions
(c) That a person can marry after a certain time has elapsed.
(d) None of the above.
Note: See section 26 of the Contract Act. Only the marriage of minors may be restrained by
contract.

30. What can you contract for:
(a) A person cannot never seek employment at a certain establishment
(b) A person cannot seek employment at a certain establishment whilst he is in the employment of
an employer.
(c) A person cannot seek employment at a certain establishment whilst after he has left the
employment of an employer.
(d) None of the above
Note: See section 27 of Contract Act

31. A contract will not be enforceable if
(a) It has been procured by fraud
(b) It has been procured by misrepresentation
(c) It has been procured by duress
(d) All of the above
Note: Section 10 of Contract Act

32. What contract would not be upheld in Bangladesh;
(a) Contract for the price of a vintage motor car
(b) Contract for the price of sexual relations
(c) Contract for the price of a dog
(d) All of the above
Note: This is against public morality (Section 23 of Contract Act)

33. For a contract to be valid the consideration (i.e. benefit or detriment suffered by a party to the
contract) must be lawful. Which of the following consideration is unlawful.
(a) A promises to pay B 1,000 Taka at the end of six months; if C, who owes that sum to B, fails to
pay it. B promises to grant time to C accordingly.
(b) A promises, for a certain sum paid to him by B, to make good to B the value of his ship if it is
wrecked on a certain voyage.
(c) A promises to maintain B’s child and B’s promises to pay A 1,000 Taka yearly for the purpose.
(d) A, B and C enter into an agreement for the division among them of gains acquired, or to be
acquired, by them by fraud.
Note: See section 23 of the Contract Act.

34. An oral agreement is void if there is no consideration (i.e. if the parties gain no benefit or suffer
any detriment). Which of the following is a void agreement.
(a) A promises to give to B Taka 1,000 without obtaining any benefit.
(b) A, for natural love and affection, promises to give his son, B, Taka 1,000. A puts his promise to
B into writing and registers it.
(c) A finds B’s purse and gives it to him. B promises to give A Taka 50.
(d) A supports B’s infant son. B promises to pay A’s expenses in so doing.
Note: See section 25 of the Contract Act.

35. X earns money from his business of buying and selling clothes, but he does not inform the
government of his income and does not pay any taxes. What laws does he violate?
(a) income tax laws
(b) anti money laundering laws

(c) income tax and anti money laundering laws
(d) none of the above

36. Y has an elderly mother. What should he do?
(a) He does not have to take care of her and the law doe s not require it.
(b) He is required to take care of her by law.
(c) He can ask someone else to take care of her.
(d) He can inform the police or government.

37. What will the state do if you do not take care of your parents:
(a) punish you with imprisonment or fine.
(b) do nothing.
(c) charge you for the costs of taking care of parents.
(d) none of the above.

38. How long can the police hold you for questioning without producing you before a Magistrate?
(a) 48 hours
(b) 24 hours
(c) 12 hours
(d) 36 hours

39. How old do you have to be to enter a valid contract?
(a) 16 years
(b) 18 years
(c) 21 years
(d) 12 years

40. What is the minimum age at what age can a child be prosecuted?
(a) 7 years
(b) 9 years
(c) 10 years
(d) none of the above.
Note: See section 82 of the Penal Code

41. A child of 10 stabs and kills someone. When can he be prosecuted for murder?
(a) If the prosecution can show he has sufficient maturity
(b) If he know the consequences of his action.
(c) If the prosecution can show he has sufficient maturity to understand the nature/consequence of
his action
(d) None of the above.
Note: A child between the ages of 9 and 12 can be prosecuted only if he has sufficient maturity to
understand the nature/consequence of his action. See section 83 of the Penal Code.
42. What is the minimum age at which a man can get married
(a) 16 years
(b) 18 years
(c) 21 years
(d) 25 years

Note: See Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2017

43. What is the minimum age at which a woman can get married
(a) 14 years
(b) 16 years
(c) 18 years
(e) 21 years

Note: See Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2017
44. What is the maximum punishment for male over the age of 21years who marries a woman below
the age of 18 years:
(a) 2 years imprisonment and/or fine of Taka 100,000
(b) 6 months imprisonment and/or fine of Tk. 100,000
(c) 1 year only
(d) 1 months imprisonment and/or fine of Taka 50,000

45. What is the punishment for male below the age of 21years who marries a woman below the age of
18 years:
(a) 1 month imprisonment and/or fine of Taka 50,000

(b) 6 months imprisonment and/or fine of Tk. 100,000
(c) 1 year and/or fine.
(d) 6 months and/or fine of Taka 50,000

46. What is the position in relation to polygamy (marriage of one man with more than 1 woman at
any one time) in Bangladesh.
(a) It is unlawful
(b) It is lawful but permission from existing wife is necessary
(c) Second marriage without permission of existing wife is a criminal offence
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Polygamy is allowed in Bangladesh, but permission of the existing wife is necessary. Subsequent
marriages (during the existence of a wife) requires the permission of the existing wife. Without
permission, the husband would face imprisonment although the marriage would be valid.
47. Which of the following is not a criminal offence. X is chopping wood with a new axe:
(a) The head of the axe flies off and kills his co-worker, as he forgot to check if the axe-head was
properly attached according to instructions that came with the new axe.
(b) The head of the axe flies off and kills his co-worker although he complied with all precautions
and instructions.
(c) The axe-head flies off and kills his co-worker. X knew the axe was defective but had to used
because an emergency delivery of wood had to be made.
(d) None of the above are criminal offences.
Ans. Accidents which happen despite proper care and caution do not attract criminal liability.
See section 80 of the Penal Code.

48. Using someone else’s trademark to sell or advertise products is a criminal offence.
(a) It is an offence under the Penal Code
(b) It is an offence under the Trademarks Act, 2009
(c) It is an offence under both the Penal Code and the Trademarks Act, 2009
(d) It is not a criminal office.

49. What is the punishment for sexual harassment in Bangladesh?
(a) 1 year and/or fine
(b) 6 months and/or fine
(c) 2 years and/or fine
(d) 5 years and/or fine
See section 509 of the Penal Code

50. What can you not contract for:
(a) The price of a motor car
(b) The price of a child
(c) The price of a pet
(d) The price of a valuable painting
Note such a contract would be void as it violates the law of Bangladesh and is immoral (see
section 23 of the Contract Act).

MEDIA LAW (275/250 words)
Media law governs what can or cannot be published /broadcast in the print and electronic media. The laws relating to defamation, contempt of court largely govern what can or cannot be published. Material
published on the internet or other social media is governed by the Digital Security Act, 2018. The Digital Security Act also prevents defamatory material or material likely to be considered to be contempt of court from being published. The National Broadcasting Policy, 2014 prevents the publication of news and information which would undermine the armed forces or law enforcement agencies (even if true). This is where social media has played an important role. The National Broadcasting Policy, 2014 also regulates the publication of inappropriate and harmful advertisements.
In Bangladesh social media such as facebook and twitter have had a beneficial impact on the availability of news and information. Where mainstream media has been censored or unable/unwilling to provide
news and information, social media has stepped in. During the terrorist raid at the Holey Artisan Café in Bangladesh, an elite team of the Bangladesh Army had killed an innocent chef and were attempting to
cover up their blunder by describing the chef as a terrorist, a social media campaign was begun which forced the Armed Forces to admit their mistake. It was only later that the mainstream media published the
news of the blunder by the Army (there is potential chance of being it misinterpreted, a cautious approach needed) Diversity of media is good as it provides various view points and interpretations. It also helps to uncover the truth . Publication of unverified reports social media such as facebook and twitter can cause panic and distress. An ongoing criminal investigation can be hampered because of news/information published in the social media. Hence, users of social media are required to be circumspect/ careful in sharing and generating information/news.

1. Which of the following is true?
(a) The government should control what is published in the media.
(b) The government should only control the media if it harms the public.
(c) The media should have an unfettered right to publish whatever it chooses as it is an important
aspect of the freedom of expression.
(d) None of the above.
Note: See Article 39 of the Constitution.

2. What is an example of media?
(a) newspaper
(b) A TV news channel
(c) Facebook
(d) All of the above

3. What is not an example of media?
(a) A magazine
(b) Twitter
(c) A history textbook
(d) None of the above.

4. Media law governs which of the following?
(a) What can be shown on TV.
(b) What advertisements can be published
(c) What news can be printed.
(d) All of the above

5. Why do we need media law?
(a) So that incorrect and harmful ideas/views are not disseminated.
(b) To allow the government should tell us what to believe in.
(c) To prevent various viewpoints and ideas and to have one official story/view.
(d) To support the government.

6. What is a good use of media law?
(a) To prevent advertisement of cigarettes
(b) To prevent attack on people on grounds of their ethnicity or religion.
(c) To prevent advertisement of breast milk substitutes for newborn babies.
(d) All of the above.

7. Which of the following contain restrictions on the rights of media to publish information?
(a) matters involving defamation

(b) matters involving the constitutional functionaries
(c) matters involving Parliament
(d) None of the above.
Note: See Article 39 of the Bangladesh Constitution

8. Which of the following contain restrictions on the rights of media to publish information?
(a) matters involving the President
(b) matters involving contempt of court
(c) matters involving the Prime Minister
(d) None of the above.
Note: See Article 39 of the Bangladesh Constitution

9. Which of the following contain restrictions on the rights of media to publish information?
(a) matters involving public morality and decency
(b) matters involving relations with friendly states
(c) matter involving security of the state
(d) All of the above.
Note: See Article 39 of the Bangladesh Constitution

10. What is a bad use of media law?
(a) To tell people the benefits of quitting to smoke.
(b) To tell people about what to eat and not to eat.
(c) To promote harmony between different races through positive programmes.
(d) To tell people what a greater leader the Prime Minister is (this requires a revised thought, as it
could potentially be a conflict)

Note: See National Broadcast Policy, 2018. Media law cannot be used to favour one political leader over
others as this would be discriminatory and would be a violation of Article 27 of the Constitution.

LABOUR LAW (339/250 words)
Labour laws are designed to ensure the welfare and rights of employees. Without legal regulation, the relationship between employees and their employers is that of a master and servant. And employer is free
to hire and fire at will subject to the employment contract. Usually these employment contracts are prepared to unduly favour the employer. The employee in the hope of a job will usually agree to unfair
contractual terms such as long working hours, no weekends, limited opportunities for leave and no medical benefits. Labour legislation seeks to redress this imbalance of power between an employee and employer. The Bangladesh Labour Act, 2006 and Labour Rules, 2015 guarantee minimum rights for employees who are not engaged in administrative, managerial or supervisory tasks.
The Labour Act, 2016 provides for an 8 working day with a maximum of 2 hours overtime. Overtime rates have been fixed at twice the regular rate. The working hours per week has been limited to 60 hours.
Moreover employees cannot be terminated from service without notice or pay in lieu of (i.e. in place of) notice. For employees paid salary on a monthly basis, at least 4 months notice or 4 months salary is to be
given. Also a termination benefit is required to be paid to an employee being terminated from employment. The rate of this benefit has been fixed at one months salary for every year of completed
employment with the employer. The Labour Act, 2015 also sets down the holidays that have to be provided to employees each year and the bonuses they are to receive on certain festivals.
In certain industries employees are also entitled to a portion of the profits of the enterprise. The labour legislation also provides strict guidelines as to how employees can be tried and punished for
misconduct. The term misconduct is defined in the Labour Act, 2016 and employers are not free to create any new categories of misconduct without the permission of the Labour Directorate.
In certain sectors, the minimum wages of employees are fixed.

Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Labour Laws governs the relationship between:
(a) employer and employee
(b) employer and the state
(c) employee and the state
(d) different employees in the same institution.

2. What is the number daily working hours in Bangladesh (without overtime):
(a) 6 hours
(b) 8 hours
(c) 9 hours
(d) 10 hours
Note: See section 100 of Labour Act, 2006
3. What is the rate of overtime payment?
(a) 1⁄2 of regular salary
(b) 3⁄4 of regular salary
(c) same as regular salary
(d) 2 times regular salary
Note: See section 108 of the Labour Act.

4. Notice period to be given prior to termination of the service of a permanent employee who
receives wages on a monthly basis is:
(a) 30 days
(b) 60 days
(c) 90 days
(d) 120 days
Note: See section 26 of the Labour Act, 2006
5. What is the maximum working hours a day including overtime?
(a) 9 hours
(b) 12 hours
(c) 8 hours
(d) 10 hours
Note: See section 100 of the Labour Act, 2006
6. What type of employees does the Labour Act and Labour Rules of Bangladesh do not govern?
(a) employees engaged in supervisory works
(b) employees engaged in managerial positions
(c) employees engaged in administrative duties
(d) employees engaged in clerical duties.
Note: See definition of workers in section 2(65) of the Labour Act.
7. How is a terminated permanent employee who has worked for 5 years compensated on
termination?
(a) 30 days wages for every year worked for the employer
(b) 45 days wages for every year worked for the employer
(c) 60 days wages for every year worked for the employer
(d) 90 days wages for every year worked for the employer
Note: See section 26 of the Labour Act, 2006
8. How long is a weekend in Bangladesh for employees in shops or commercial enterprises?
(a) 1 day
(b) 1 1⁄2 days
(c) 2 days
(d) no weekend
Note: See section 103 of the Labour Act.
9. What is the maximum number of hours per week a worker can work on average in a year in
Bangladesh?

(a) 56 hours per week in a year
(b) 60 hours per week in a year
(c) 66 hours per week in a year
(d) 72 hours per week in a year
Note: See section 102 of the Labour Act.
10. What is the number of days of sick leave legally required to be provided to a worker?
(a) 14 days
(b) 15 days
(c) 16 days
(d) 20 days
Note: See section 116 of the Labour Act, 2006

MOTOR TRAFFIC LAW
Highways, streets and roads have many different users – motorised vehicles (motor cars, motorcycles,  buses etc.), non-motorised vehicles (rickshaws, bicycles, carts etc.) and pedestrians. Each vehicle has a
different mode of operation and a different average speed. Thus laws are needed to prevent accidents and ensure the safe and uninterrupted use of highways and roads by different users. Hence, motor traffic laws are essentials. In Bangladesh in order to drive a motor vehicle one needs a licence from the Bangladesh Transport Regulatory Authority (BRTA). To obtain a licence, one is required to sit for a written examination (where candidates are tested on traffic laws and recognition of traffic signs) and a practical examination conducted by the BRTA. In the written examination candidates will be tested on traffic rules and traffic signs. The vehicle also has to be registered with the BRTA and is required to be inspected for roadworthiness each year. In Bangladesh motor traffic is regulated by the Road Transport Act, 2018, the Motor Vehicles Rules, 1940 and Motor Vehicle Regulations, 1984. Some offences and punishments for motor traffic violations include (i) failure to comply with traffic signs and traffic signals (punishable with a fine of BDT 10,000 (GBP 89) and/or imprisonment for 1 month); (ii) driving over the speed limit (punishable with a fine of BDT 10,000 (GBP 89) and/or imprisonment for 3 months); (iii) causing sound pollution and making noises beyond specified limits (punishable with a fine of BDT 10,000 (GBP 89) and/or imprisonment for 3 months); (iv) pollution (punishable with a fine of BDT 25,000 (GBP 223) and/or imprisonment for 3 months).

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of the following does the motor traffic laws not regulate?
(a) movement of pedestrians and motor vehicles

(b) roadworthiness of vehicles
(c) height and weight of vehicles
(d) price of vehicles

2. Which of the following does the motor traffic laws regulate?
(a) payment of compensation to accident victims
(b) colour of vehicles
(c) number of motor vehicles that can be owned by a person
(d) cleanliness of the roads

3. What is the maximum number of passengers (including driver) on a motorbike?
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four

4. What is the legally required safety clothing on a motorbike?
(a) helmet
(b) gloves
(c) shoes
(d) leather jacket

5. Motor traffic laws provide special benefits for which of the following users of public transport:
(a) Government officials
(b) Supreme Court Judges
(c) disabled people, women and children
(d) Passengers who pay a premium for their tickets

Ans: See section 49 of the Road Transport Act, 2018

6. Which of the following is false:
(a) A driver or a motor vehicle is required to wear a seat belt

(b) A driver or a motor vehicle is required to hold a licence
(c) A driver or a motor vehicle is required to be less than 80 years old
(d) A driver or a motor vehicle is required to be free from the influence of alcohol/drugs

Ans: See section 49 of the Road Transport Act, 2018. The law does not provide any age
restrictions.

7. Which of the following is not restrictions in relation to motor vehicles:
(a) Cannot make noise beyond a certain limit
(b) Cannot cause pollution beyond a certain limit.
(c) Cannot carry goods on the roof/side.
(d) Has to be a specific colour.

8. What does this traffic sign mean?

(a) Warning for snow
(b) Warning for a soft verge
(c) Warning for a double curve, first left then right
(d) Warning for a slippery road surface

9. What does the following traffic sign mean?

(a) No Entry
(b) No turning
(c) No Parking
(d) Checkpoint ahead

10. What does the following traffic sign mean?

(a) No Entry
(b) No Parking
(c) No turning
(d) Checkpoint ahead

11. What does the following traffic sign mean?

(a) Road unsafe
(b) Road Narrow on left side
(c) Road Narrow on right side.
(d) Road Narrow on both sides

12. What does the following traffic sign mean?

(a) Pedestrians
(b) Children
(c) Zebra crossing
(d) No running

13. What does the following traffic sign mean?

(a) Bring you umbrella
(b) Road Works
(c) Pedestrians
(d) Beach ahead

14. What does the following traffic sign mean?

(a) Entry prohibited
(b) Warning for an uncontrolled crossroad
(c) Parking and stopping prohibited
(d) Warning for a road narrowing

15. What does the following traffic sign mean?

(a) Red or black vehicles not permitted
(b) No double parking
(c) No racing
(d) No overtaking

Definition of morality:
Morality refers to rules of behaviour adopted by groups and individuals which are not necessarily
sanctioned by law but dictated by personal conscience, religion, or social values. Violations of moral
norms do not necessarily attract penal sanctions but can bring social sanctions as well as disturbance to
individual conscience in the form of blame and guilt.
Relationship of law and morality:
Law and morality are not to be treated as one and the same. An act may be immoral but not unlawful.
Similarly, an act may be lawful but immoral. However, morality and law are related in that moral values
often underpin the enactment of legislation. If the majority of people in a society are of the view that a
particular action is immoral, they will advocate the enactment of legislation prohibiting such conduct. In
many Muslim majority countries, for instance, homosexuality is prohibited by law as it is considered
immoral and contrary to the Islamic values.
Examples of actions which are unlawful but not immoral:
(i) Driving above the speed limit: It is not lawful for a person to drive a vehicle on a highway
above the speed limit set by law. A person driving above the speed limit may be prosecuted
and punished under the Bangladesh Penal Code, 1860. However, such an action would not be
considered immoral by the standards of Bangladesh society.
(ii) Making unauthorised copies of textbooks: Photocopying textbooks for the purpose of sale in
the market without the permission of the author is a violation of copyright laws, but is not
immoral.

Examples of actions which are immoral but not unlawful:
(i) Making a false statement to a friend: Lying to one’s family and friends is not a criminal
offence which attracts penal sanctions under Bangladesh law. However, such action will
almost certainly be considered immoral.
(ii) Ill-treatment of parents and relatives: Misbehaving with one’s elderly family members,
including parents and relatives, is not a punishable offence under Bangladesh law. However, in
the context of the moral values of Bangladesh society, ill treatment of one’s elderly relatives
will be considered to be immoral.

Multiple Choice Questions:
1. X avails of a free wireless connection by accessing his next-door neighbor’s account:
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is lawful but immoral
(Explanation: X’s conduct constitutes theft which is an offence under the Bangladesh Penal Code,
1860. Moreover, society will also regard such act of stealing as immoral.)

2. X is a book store owner who photocopies a book written by Y without the author’s permission and
sells it for a huge profit:
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is lawful but immoral
(Explanation: X’s action in making photocopies of Y’s books without permission constitutes a
violation of Bangladesh copyright laws. However, such action is very common in Bangladesh.
Society in general considers such acts as permissible as it advances knowledge and makes possible
access to rare books. Such acts would not be considered immoral according to Bangladesh society)

3. X is driving a car in the middle of the night. There is no traffic in the road and X drives past a red
light.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is lawful but immoral
(Explanation: X’s action constitutes reckless driving which is punishable under the Bangladesh
Penal Code. However, society would not consider such act to be immoral.)
4. X manufactures and sells a lifesaving drug in the market in violation of patent laws. The drug is
sold at an affordable price in the Bangladesh market.

(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is lawful but immoral

(Explanation: X’s conduct is unlawful because it violates Bangladesh’s laws on patents. However,
since the action will have the effect of saving lives by making drugs available at a cheap price, it
will not be considered by society to be immoral.)

5. X regularly misbehaves with his elderly mother who is too old and frail to take care of herself:
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral

(Explanation: X’s conduct in mistreating his mother does not violate the laws of Bangladesh.
However, such action would be immoral according to the social and religious values held by the
majority of Bangladesh society).
6. X has sexual relations with a woman prior to his marriage.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: X’s conduct does not violate the laws of Bangladesh. However, according to the
social and religious mores of Bangladesh society, such action will be considered immoral.)
7. X is a habitual liar. He regularly makes false statements to his friends and relatives. Last week, he
boasted to Y that he bought a house in Gulshan, which is not true.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: Lying is not an offence under Bangladesh law. But it is considered immoral by
society.)
8. Y is suffering from a terminal disease which causes him extreme pain. Before being put on life
support, he requests the doctors for euthanasia. X, a doctor, administers just enough morphine to
put an end to Y’s life:
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: Euthanasia is not lawful in Bangladesh. X’s actions would be considered illegal. At
the same time, Bangladesh society would not approve of a doctor’s action in ending a patient’s life
even though the patient was suffering from extreme pain. As such, X’s conduct would be
considered immoral).

9. X is a teenager who has recently become pregnant following a relationship with Y. X goes to a
clinic and gets an abortion.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral

(Explanation: Abortion is unlawful in Bangladesh. At the same time, Bangladesh society frowns
upon the idea of a mother taking the life of her unborn child. Such action would be considered
immoral by Bangladesh society).
10. X, a University lecturer has an affair with his student, Y.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: It is not unlawful for a lecturer to have an affair with a student. However, since the
relationship of the lecturer with his students is in the nature of loco parentis, such action of the
lecturer would be seen as an abuse of his position and hence, immoral).

11. X drives his new car on an empty highway at 120 kph although the maximum permissible speed
limit is 80 kph.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral

(Explanation: X’s action constitutes reckless driving which is punishable under the Bangladesh
Penal Code. However, Bangladesh society is unlikely to consider speeding to be an immoral act.)

12. X, a married man, has an affair with Y, an unmarried woman.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: By having an affair with Y, X is not committing any offence under Bangladesh law.
However, in the context of social and religious values of Bangladesh society, such conduct would
be considered to be immoral).
13. X makes credit card purchases worth USD 1000 at a shop. When he receives the credit card bills
at the end of the month, he finds that only USD 800 has been debited from his account. X does
not inform the bank of the error.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral

(Explanation: X’ action constitutes theft under Bangladesh law. Such action is not only unlawful
but also immoral.)
14. X, a 25 year old man, marries a 14 year girl with the consent of both families.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: Marrying a girl under the age of 16 is unlawful in Bangladesh. However, since there
is no religious bar for such marriages, such action would not be considered immoral by
Bangladesh society.)
15. X, a Bengali man makes a racist comment about a tribal.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: Making racist comments about a particular ethnic group is not unlawful. However,
such action would be considered as immoral by Bangladesh society)

CITIZEN’S RIGHTS
Civil rights are rights granted by a state guaranteeing citizens equal protection under the law and equal
social opportunities, regardless of race, religion, sex, or creed. In most countries governed under a written
constitution, civil rights are guaranteed by granting them constitutional status in the form of fundamental
or basic rights.
Civil rights include the right to be treated in accordance with law, the right to a fair trial, the right to equal
treatment, right to freely express oneself, the right of free movement etc. Civil rights laws attempt to
guarantee full and equal citizenship for people who have traditionally been discriminated against on the
basis of some group characteristic. Protection of such basic rights is essential for the functioning of a
democracy. If the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens are not protected by an independent
judiciary, the core tenets of a democracy are compromised.
In some countries, when the enforcement of civil rights is found to be inadequate, a civil rights movement
may emerge in order to call for equal application of the laws without discrimination. Thus, in the 1950s
and 1960s, the marginalisation, and in some cases, ill-treatment of African Americans spurred a civil
rights movement which was spearheaded by Martin Luther King. The peaceful protests organised by the
African American community in the form of marches, boycotts, sit-ins, and civil disobedience eventually
culminated in the enactment of laws banning segregation, and now serve as a model for civil rights
movements across the globe.
The State should:
1. ensure that every citizen is treated in accordance with law (Article 31 of the Bangladesh
Constitution)
2. ensure freedom of movement of citizens throughout the country (Article 36)
3. ensure the right of citizens to assemble and participate in peaceful meetings and processions
(Article 37)
4. guarantee the exercise of freedom of speech, thought and conscience (Article 39)
5. ensure that every citizen is free to practice, profess and propagate his religion (Article 41)
The State should NOT:
1. Discriminate between citizens (Article 27 of the Bangladesh Constitution)
2. Deprive any person of life or personal liberty except in accordance with law. (Article 32)
3. Prosecute and punish an individual for the same offence more than once (Article 35(2)_
4. Prevent citizens from forming associations or unions if not in the interests of morality or public
order (Article 28)
5. compulsorily acquire, nationalise or requisition a citizen’s property save by the authority of law
(Article 42)

Introduction:

Maintenance of health and safety in the workplace is important for any business. However, for the construction, transportation and manufacturing industries, occupational safety and health issues are of crucial importance as accidents in these industries can result in serious injuries and even death.

In a developing country such as Bangladesh, it has been estimated that over 11,000 workers suffer fatal accidents and a further 24,500 die from work related diseases each year. As many as 8 million workers suffer work related injuries, many of which result in permanent disability. It is internationally recognized that most occupational deaths and injuries are entirely preventable, and could be avoided if employers and workers took simple initiatives to reduce hazards and risks at the workplace.

Legal framework:

In Bangladesh, occupational safety and health in the workplace is regulated by the Labour Act, 2006. Following national and international campaigning and advocacy, in 2013, the law was amended to introduce several provisions aimed at improving workplace safety. The amended legislation now requires the creation of safety committees in factories with 50 workers or more, the establishment of workplace Health Centres in workplaces with over 5000 employees and safety welfare officers in workplaces with more than 500. Under the amendments compensation for work-related deaths is provided after two years in employment, compared to the earlier three years period. Workplaces of over 500 employers are required to arrange for and cover the cost of treatment of occupational diseases.

Other important amendments deal with dangerous work for children; emergency exits; access to gangways and stairs for workers; mandatory use of personal safety equipment; notification of competent authority in case of incident; and provisions on social dialogue, trade unions and dispute resolution; and employers and companies responsibilities.

Health and Safety Guidelines:

1. Conducting advocacy and outreach campaigns on occupational safety and health (OSH) to foster a culture of OSH in the country
2. Creating awareness among employers and workers about the existing legal framework for protection of their occupational safety and health, and monitoring implementation of existing laws.
3. In factories, ensure sufficient ventilation and use PPE when working with chemicals
4. Create awareness about the danger of chemicals in the workplace, and ensure compliance with instructions when using chemicals
5. Emergency exits and equipments (eg. fire extinguishers) should be clearly marked and easily accessible.
6. Safety Committee members in the work place to be notified as soon as a potential hazard (eg. exposed wires, faulty machines etc) is noticed.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Multiple Choice Questions:
1. X, employs 500 employees in his factory. As an employer he has a responsibility to:
(a) make the workplace safe
(b) prevent risks to health
(c) ensure that plant and machinery is safe to use
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: It is the fundamental responsibility of the employer to ensure the safety of
his workers employed at his workplace.)
2. The Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No.
187) adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organisation (ILO)
has
(a) not been ratified by Bangladesh
(b) been signed and ratified by Bangladesh
(c) been ratified by Bangladesh with reservations
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: The aforesaid Convention is yet to be ratified by Bangladesh)
3. The Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155) was adopted by the
General Conference of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) on:
(a) 22 nd June 1981
(b) 20 th June 1971
(c) 22 nd June 1982
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: The aforesaid Convention was adopted by the General Conference of
the ILO on 22.06.1981)
4. The Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155) adopted by the General
Conference of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has

(a) not been ratified by Bangladesh
(b) been signed and ratified by Bangladesh
(c) been ratified by Bangladesh with reservations
(d) None of the above.

(Explanation: The aforesaid Convention is yet to be ratified by Bangladesh)
5. The main aims of the ILO are to:
(a) promote rights at work
(b) encourage decent employment opportunities
(c) enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues.
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: As per the website of the ILO, the main aims of the ILO are to do all of
the works mentioned in (a), (b) and (c)).
6. Bangladesh became a member of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in:
(a) 1972

(b) 1982
(c) 1992
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Soon after emerging as an independent country, Bangladesh joined ILO
in 1972)
7. In ensuring the health and safety of workers at the workplace, the Bangladesh Labour
Act requires employers to:
(a) Provide adequate supply of personal safety equipment
(b) Provide guidance on how to protect oneself against harm in the workplace
(c) Provide a manual of ‘dos’ and ‘don’ts’ for the worker
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 78A of the Labour Act, 2006 provides that an employer shall
not engage any workers in work without providing and ensuring use of personal safety
equipment, and in doing so, a record book shall be maintained as designated by the
owner)

8. With regard to workers suffering from occupational diseases, the Bangladesh Labour
Act, 2006
(a) Imposes an obligation upon employers to arrange medical treatment for such
diseases, as identified by the Chief Inspector
(b) Requires employers to make a lump sum compensation to the affected employee.
(c) Does not require the employers to arrange for medical treatment
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: Section 82(2A) of the Labour Act, 2006 provides that the employer
shall arrange medical treatment for a worker affected and suffered by occupation
diseases and identified by the Chief Inspector)
9. It is mandatory to set up Health care centers in establishments where:
(a) more than 5000 workers are employed
(b) more than 500 workers are employed
(c) more than 1000 workers are employed
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 89(6) of the Labour Act, 2006 provides that where in any
establishment or part of it, 5,000 or more workers are employed, the employers of those
establishments shall arrange for running a Health Center in the manner prescribed by
law.)
10. An employer has to arrange for Welfare Officers in the event the establishment
employs:
(a) 500 or more workers
(b) 100 or more workers
(c) 200 or more workers
(d) None of the above.

(Explanation: (Section 89(8) of the Labour Act, 2006 provides that where in any
establishment, 500 or more workers are employed, the employers of those establishments
shall arrange for a Welfare Officer against the specified number of workers in the manner
prescribed by rule.)

Definition of Youth Crime:
Youth Crime also known as juvenile delinquency is participation by children in illegal behavior which can range from property crimes to violent crimes. Under the laws of Bangladesh a person below the age 18 is
regarded as a child. The criminal justice system of Bangladesh treats children differently from adults. From the process of investigation of crime to the trial of such crime significant weight is attached to the
age of the suspect if they are children. The age of criminal responsibility in Bangladesh is 9 years which signifies that children under 9 cannot be prosecuted for a crime.
Youth Crime and Prevention:
Predominantly adverse and unfair social conditions such as poverty, unemployment, peer pressure, unsafe environments, and broken homes are fundamental reasons for commission of crimes by youths. The tragic consequences of separating children from their cultural and family roots significantly contribute to the growth of the tendency of delinquent behavior among the youths. Youth crime is related to family
separation. Lack of family attachment offers indisciplined lifestyle and so children not attached to their parents or dear ones are more prone to commit crimes. While the affluent families spend less time with their children and do not know about the activities of their child, the poor ones can not afford better nursing and education.

Furthermore, a teenage mind is adventurous. During the initial months of adolescence, teenagers go through a physical change. They suddenly discover that they are growing up but they do not see any
change in the attitude of others towards them. That is why the teenagers feel a kind of intense craving to show that they have really grown up. They join groups and gangs to show their presence and power in
front of others. After making or joining a gang these teenagers want to do whatever they like. They get involved in harassment, hijacking and extortion. They also commit violence in their respective areas.
Examples of youth crimes are larceny, assault, illegal purchase, violent crime such as bodily harm and extremism, sexual offences and vandalism.
Youth involvement with extremism is a new dimension of youth crime in Bangladesh. Those who become involved in extremist actions come from a range of backgrounds and experiences. Students may become
susceptible to radicalisation through a range of social, personal and environmental factors – it is known that violent extremists exploit vulnerabilities in individuals to drive a wedge between them and their
families and communities.
If the youth have better programs, recreation centers, year-round jobs, mentors, and after school/college activities, a lot of youth related crimes could be prevented. The aim is to reduce the risk factors associated with offending such as poor parenting and school failure and enhance protective factors such as good parenting, school success and employment. There is a difference between preventing crime and
preventing criminality. Actual prevention of youth criminality necessarily involves strengthening the three  main influences on children and young people, namely their family, educational institution and
community.
Multiple Choice Questions:

1. X is a person whose age is below 18:
(a) X is regarded as an adult under the laws of Bangladesh
(b) X is regarded as an old man under the laws of Bangladesh
(c) X is regarded a child under the laws of Bangladesh
(d) X is regarded as an youth under the laws of Bangladesh
(Explanation: Under section 4 of the Children Act, 2013 a person below the age of 18 is regarded
as a child.)
2. X is a boy of 8 year old who is found to be involved with larceny:
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: X’s action is not unlawful as under section 82 of the Penal Code 1860 nothing is an
offence which is done by a child under nine years of age. However, his action of larceny is
immoral in the context of social and religious values of Bangladesh.)
3. X is a boy of 13 year old who assaulted B:
(a) X’s action is unlawful and punishable.
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is lawful but immoral
(Explanation: Despite the facts of being minor X’s action of assault is unlawful as under the laws
of Bangladesh the age of criminal responsibility in Bangladesh is 9 years old.)
4. Criminal justice system of Bangladesh treats children differently from adults:
(a) True
(b) False
(Explanation: The Children Act, 2013 prescribes separate criminal prosecution for children and
therefore children are treated differently from adults.)
5. Identify a reason for commission of crimes by youths from the list below:
(a) Good health
(b) Educated parents
(c) Poverty
(d) Fragile health
(Explanation: Poverty is one of the root causes of youth crime.)
6. X is a boy of 17 who recently developed friendship with Y and Z who smoke and most of the day
wander here and there.

(a) X’s friendship with Y and Z may have positive impact on Y and Z
(b) X’s friendship with Y and Z may develop X’s ability to interaction with people
(c) X’s friendship with Y and Z may lead to develop delinquent behavior in X
(d) X’s friendship with Y and Z might have no impact on X’s conduct
(Explanation: Usually through bad companion delinquent tendency develop among the youth.)
7. Delinquent behavior among the youths may be developed due to:
(a) Wealthy background
(b) Unsafe environment
(c) Educated parents
(d) Fragile health
(Explanation: Unfair social conditions such as poverty, unemployment, peer pressure, and unsafe
environments are few underlying reasons for commission of crimes by youths.)
8. Identify a reason for commission of crimes by youths from the list below:
(a) Wealthy background
(b) Educated parents
(c) Fragile health
(d) Bad companions
(Explanation: Usually delinquent tendency may develop among the youth due to attachment with
bad companions.)
9. X is a 16 year old boy whose parents recently get divorced after having turmoil family life for 2
years.
(a) Due to the divorce of the parents X’s life has become less hassle free.
(b) Due to the divorce of the parents X would do better in school.
(c) Due to the divorce of the parents X may become more religious.
(d) Due to the divorce of the parents X may be prone to youth crime.
(Explanation: Turmoil in family life of parents causes devastating impact on the upbringing of the
children.)
10. Identify a crime from the list below which is commonly committed by young people:
(a) Larceny
(b) Bike accident
(c) Tax evasion
(d) White Collar crime
(Explanation: Examples of youth crimes are larceny, assault, illegal purchase, violent crime such
as bodily harm and extremism, sexual offences and vandalism)

11. X is a boy of 16 whose parents are busy with their jobs who have very little time for X:
(a) X gets enormous time for entertainment due to absence of his parents
(b) X’s self-reliance capability enhances due to his parents absence
(c) X will do good in school for having plenty of time for himself
(d) X may develop delinquent behavior due to lose attachment with parents.
(Explanation: Working parents who spend less time and do not know about the activities of their
children sometimes offers a boundless indisciplined lifestyle of children and thereby they become
more prone to commit crimes.)

12. X is a boy of 17 who recently joined with a gang in his locality and randomly make disturbing
comments towards Y a 15 year old girl on her way to home from school:
(a) X’s action is unlawful
(b) X’s action is lawful
(c) X’s action is an act of terrorism
(d) X’s action is an act of valour
(Explanation: X’s action is an act of eve-teasing which is punishable under the laws of
Bangladesh. His action is also immoral in the context of Bangladesh society).
13. Which one of the following may cause for growing delinquent tendency among the youths of
wealthy family.
(a) Parents lavish life style
(b) Spending more time over internet
(c) Having good food and clothing
(d) Lack of family attachment
(Explanation: It is commonly seen that lack of family attachment offers a boundless indisciplined
lifestyle and so children in wealthy family those are not attached to their parents are more prone to
develop delinquent behavior).
14. X is a boy of 18 who is doing very well in college.
(a) Due to success in college X is more prone to criminal behaviour
(b) Due to success in college X is going to join criminal gang
(c) Due to success in college X is going to take drugs
(d) Due to success in college X is less prone to criminal behavior
(Explanation: Youths who perform well at school and college are usually seen to be less crime
prone).
15. X is a boy of 15 who makes an indecent proposal to Y (a girl of 15).
(a) X’s action is unlawful
(b) X’s action is an act of harassment.
(c) X’s action is punishable
(d) X’s action is not unlawful

(Explanation:, Such act would be unlawful and punishable under section 509 of the Penal Code of
1860 if it insults the modesty of such girl.)
16. X is boy of 17 who smokes cigarettes with friends in college.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: X’ action constitutes an offence under Bangladesh law. Smoking in public place is
unlawful in Bangladesh.)
17. Identify a cause from the list below due to which delinquent behaviour among the children of poor
family may develop.
(a) Parents lead an indisciplined life style
(b) Lack of good clothing
(c) Having good food
(d) poverty
(Explanation: Unfair social condition like poverty is one of the reasons for commission of crimes
by the youths. Poor parents could not afford better nursing and education for their children which
may cause to grow delinquent tendency among the children.)
18. Consequences of separating children from their cultural and family roots may contribute to:
(a) development of strong personality among the children
(b) improvement of physical health
(c) improvement of mental health
(d) development of a tendency of delinquent behavior among the children
(Explanation: The tragic consequences of separating children from their cultural and family roots
significantly contribute to grow the tendency of delinquent behavior.)
19. A recent dimension of youth crime is youth involvement with:
(a) Larceny
(b) Extortion
(c) Corruption
(d) Extremism
(Explanation: Youth involvement with extremism has shown new dimension of youth crime.)
20. Youth involved in extremist actions come from:
(a) Wealthy background
(b) Poor background
(c) Urban area
(d) Diverse backgrounds
(Explanation: It is seen that those who become involved in extremist actions come from a range of
backgrounds and experiences.)
21. Youth may become susceptible to radicalization due to:
(a) Vulnerabilities prompted by social, personal and environmental factors

(b) Adolescence
(c) Wealthy background
(d) Educational institutions
(Explanation: Youth may become susceptible to radicalisation through a range of social, personal
and environmental factors. It is seen that violent extremists exploit vulnerabilities in individuals to
drive a wedge between them and their families and communities.)
22. The reason for involvement of youth with violent extreme activities is:
(a) Radical views
(b) Practicing spirituality
(c) Youth’s vulnerabilities for social, personal and environmental factors
(d) Healthy family life
(Explanation: It is seen that most individuals even those who hold radical views do not become
involved in violent extremist activity rather youths become susceptible to radicalisation through a
range of social, personal and environmental factors.)
23. Youth related crimes may be prevented through:
(a) Better programs, recreation centers, year-round jobs and good parenting
(b) Improving national economy
(c) Improving standard of education
(d) Enhancing capability of law enforcement agencies
(Explanation: If youth have better programs, recreation centers, year-round jobs, mentors, and
after school/college activities, a lot of youth related crimes could be prevented.)
24. Youth crime may be reduced:
(a) By improving moral standards of youths
(b) By improving national economy
(c) By making uniform education system
(d) By enhancing protective factors like good parenting and employment
(Explanation: In order to check youth crime the aim should be to reduce the risk factors associated
with offending such as poor parenting and school failure and enhance protective factors such as
good parenting, school success and employment.
25. Actual prevention of youth crime necessarily involves strengthening:
(a) Family, educational institutions and community
(b) Police system
(c) Roads and infrastructure
(d) Physical training
(Explanation: Actual prevention of youth crime necessarily involves strengthening the three main
influences on children and young people, namely their family, educational institution and
community.)

Introduction:
Family laws in Bangladesh have evolved from the religious texts of the major religions of the country. Despite the different religions, few laws i.e. the Family Court Ordinance, 1985, the Child Marriage
Restraint Act, 2017, penal sections (section 493 to 498 of the Penal Code of 1860) in respect of offence related to marriage are equally applicable for all citizens irrespective of religion.

Marriage:
Marriage is regarded as a civil contract (Muslim Law) or a religious sacrament (as in Hindu Law). The ultimate purpose of marriage is to legalize the physical relationship between husband and wife and the
legitimization of the offspring. For a valid marriage the husband is to be 21 years of age and wife is to be 18 and there must be free consent of parties and presence of witnesses. The rituals and ceremonies of
marriage which are very visible are mainly socio-cultural and not required by law. Muslim men may marry again during the subsistence of marriage after following formalities (i.e. obtaining permission from
arbitration council) enumerated by the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961.

Cheating on marriage:
Cheating in marriage signifies lack of faithfulness or having an affair in derogation of a husband and wife’s assumed or stated contract regarding emotional and/or sexual exclusivity. There may be a number
of reasons why married people cheat. Disappointment in marital life is a common factor. Sometimes the cheater does not value monogamy, lacks empathy or simply does not care about the consequences. It is
important to point out here that a partner does not cause their spouse to cheat. The cheater alone is responsible for cheating. Men are more likely to have affairs than women and are often seeking more sex
or attention. When women cheat, they are often trying to fill an emotional void. Problems i.e. emotional or physical disconnection, lack of communication, domestic violence and low compatibility in the marital
relationship may be some factors for cheating.

Effect of cheating on family life:
Cheating in marriages causes tremendous impact on family life. The turmoil, fear, uncertainty, the anger, the tears, the withdrawal, the accusations, the distraction and the fighting affects everyone in the family.
Particularly, the upbringing of the children is seriously jeopardized who by nature are very sensitive and dependent upon their parents for emotional and physical stability and safety. When parents are in crisis,
their children are also in a crisis. They may feel betrayed themselves, especially if the affair results in a divorce. Cheating in marriage by parents may give the children subconscious permission to do the same
thing once he or she is married.

Punishment:
According to section 497 of the Penal Code of 1860 whoever has sexual intercourse with a person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the wife of another man, without the consent
or connivance of that man (such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape), is guilty of the offence of adultery, and shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both. In such a case, the wife shall not be punished as an abettor. Offence of adultery by woman is unknown to the laws of Bangladesh.

Multiple Choice Questions:
1. The institution of marriage has evolved from:
(a) Culture
(b) Society
(c) Religion
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Laws relating to family matters in Bangladesh have evolved from religious text.)
2. Penal sections of the Penal Code of 1860 in respect of offence relating to marriage is applicable to:
(a) All Mulims
(b) All Hindus
(c) All citizens
(d) All politicians
(Explanation: Penal sections (section 493 to 498 of the Penal Code of 1860) in respect of offence
related to marriage are equally applicable for all citizens of Bangladesh irrespective of religion.)
3. Marriage is primarily regarded by Muslims as:
(a) Social bond
(b) Contract
(c) Religious sacrament
(d) Family bond
(Explanation: Marriage is usually regarded as contract under Muslim law.)
4. Marriage is primarily regarded by Hindus as:
(a) Social bond
(b) Contract
(c) Religious sacrament
(d) Family bond
(Explanation: Under Hindu law marriage is regarded as religious sacrament.)
5. X is a boy of 20 who married Y a girl of 18 only:
(a) X’s action is unlawful
(b) X and Y’s action is not unlawful
(c) X and Y’s action is unlawful
(d) X and Y’s action is lawful
(Explanation: X and Y’s action is unlawful as under section 7 of the Child Marriage Restraint Act,
2017 getting married by a man before attaining 21 years of age is punishable.)

6. The parents of X ( a man of 20) is married to Y (a girl of 16) by their parents:
(a) X and Y’s action is unlawful
(b) X and Y’s action is lawful but their parents action are unlawful
(c) X and Y’s action is unlawful but their parents action is lawful
(d) X and Y and their parents actions are unlawful
(Explanation: Both the parties and their parents actions are similarly liable for unlawful marriage.)
7. X is a man of 21 who married Y a girl of 15:
(a) X’s action is unlawful
(b) Y’s action is a lawful
(c) X and Y ’s action is unlawful
(d) X’s action is lawful
(Explanation: Both X and Y are liable for having violated. But Y will be tried as a child.)
8. Y is a girl of 17 who fled from home and got married with Z a boy of 19.
(a) Y and Z’s marriage is not permitted by law
(b) Y and Z’s marriage is permitted by law
(c) Y and Z’s marriage is valid but punishable
(d) Y and Z’s marriage is lawful
(Explanation: Y and Z’s actions are unlawful as under section 7(1) of the Child Marriage Restraint
Act, 2017 it is punishable if any person get married with other who has not attained marriageable
age under the aforesaid Act (i.e. 21 for man and 18 for woman). Due to getting married without
the consent of the guardians X and Y’s action is also regarded as immoral in the context
Bangladesh society.)
9. X a 25 year old man, marries a 15 year girl with the consent of both families.
(a) X’s action is unlawful.
(b) X’s action is not unlawful.
(c) X’s action may be lawful if a court of law permits the marriage.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Under section 7 of the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2017 marrying a girl under the
age of 18 is unlawful in Bangladesh. However, according to section 19 of the aforesaid Act,
direction of a court of law and consent of the guardian is obligatory for marriage between under
age persons.)
10. X is a 21 year old man, who proposes to marry Y who is 15 year old girl.
(a) X’s action is unlawful
(b) X’s action is not unlawful
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: Under Bangladesh law only proposing to marry a woman who he has not attained
the age of 16 is not an offence.)

11. The ultimate purpose of marriage is:

(a) Strengthening social ties
(b) Legalizing physical relationship and legitimizing children
(c) Preserving environment
(d) Protecting human rights
(Explanation: The ultimate purpose of marriage is to legalize the physical relationship between
husband and wife and the legitimization of the offspring).
12. X is a man of 31 who married Y(18 years) in an big ceremony inviting friends and relatives
because:
(a) it is required by law
(b) of socio-cultural reasons and to announce to the world the marriage.
(c) it is required by custom.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: X’s action of spending huge money for marriage ceremony is lawful and moral as
the rituals and ceremonies of marriage which are very visible are mainly socio-cultural and not
required or prohibited by law or custom. It is designed to announce to the world the new status of
a man and woman.)
13. X, a married man has an affair with Y, an unmarried woman.
(a) X’s action is unlawful and immoral
(b) X’s action is neither unlawful nor immoral
(c) X’s action is unlawful but not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: It is not unlawful for a married man to have an affair with an unmarried woman.
However, X’s action is immoral in the context of social ethos and religious values of Bangladesh
society).
14. X a married man has a sexual intercourse with Y, a married woman.
(a) X’s action is an act of rape
(b) X’s action is an act of adultery
(c) X’s action is not unlawful
(d) X’s action is not immoral
(Explanation: X’s action constitutes the offence of adultery as under section 497 of the Penal Code
of 1860 whoever has sexual intercourse with a person who is and whom he knows or has
reason to believe to be the wife of another man, without the consent or connivance of that
man, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, is guilty of the offence of
adultery.)
15. X, a married woman, has an affair with Y, an unmarried man.
(a) X’s affair with Y is unlawful
(b) X’s affair with Y is not unlawful
(c) X’s affair with Y is not immoral
(d) X’s action is not unlawful but immoral
(Explanation: By having an affair with Y, X is not committing any offence under Bangladesh law.
However, in the context of social and religious values of Bangladesh society, such conduct would

be considered to be immoral.)
16. Men and women cheat because.
(a) they do not value monogamy.
(b) they do not care about the consequences.
(c) they are disappointed with their marital life.
(d) All of the above
(Explanation: All of the reasons result in a partner cheating on another.)
17. Men cheat more often than women because:
(a) Women make them cheat.
(b) They seek attention.
(c) Men are not biologically capable of monogamy
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Men cheat more often as they seek more attention.)
18. Women cheat because:
(a) lack of communication in marriage.
(b) domestic violence
(c) emotional and physical disconnection in marriage
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: All of the above reasons (a) to (c) contribute to adultery in women.)
19. Under law of Bangladesh maximum punishment for adultery is:
(a) 5 years imprisonment and fine
(b) 10 years imprisonment
(c) 2 years imprisonment
(d) 3 years imprisonment
(Explanation: Under section 497 of the Penal Code of 1860 of Bangladesh whoever has sexual
intercourse with a person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the wife
of another man, without the consent or connivance of that man, such sexual intercourse not
amounting to the offence of rape, is guilty of the offence of adultery, and shall be punished
with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, or with
fine, or with both.)
20. Cheating in marriage causes tremendous impact on:
(a) Social life
(b) Family life
(c) National economy
(d) Urban life
(Explanation: Due to the cheating in marriage complexities like turmoil, fear, uncertainty, the
anger, the tears, the withdrawal, the accusations, the distraction, the fighting starts in family life
which affects everyone in the family.)
21. Due to the cheating in marriage:

(a) Upbringing of the children is seriously jeopardized.
(b) Partner get a healthy life
(c) State economy fall
(d) Children get plenty of time to play
(Explanation: Due to the cheating in marriage the upbringing of the children seriously jeopardized
who by nature are very sensitive and dependent upon their parents for emotional and physical
stability and safety.)
22. One of the reasons why married people cheat is:
(a) High compatibility between the partner
(b) Disappointment in the family life
(c) Mutual understanding between the partner
(d) Mutual respect between the partner
(Explanation: There may have a number of reasons why married people cheat but the
disappointment in the marital life is a common factor.)
23. Best safeguards to protect and preserve marriage is:
(a) To make a commitment to work on one’s marriage regularly
(b) To eat healthy food
(c) To ensure high salary
(d) To go abroad frequently
(Explanation: Marital life is complicated but speaking directly, expressing one’s needs, practicing
forgiveness, and making a commitment to work on one’s marriage daily may be the best
safeguards to protect and preserve marriage.
24. Which one of the following law prohibits the child marriage:
(a) The Penal Code of 1860
(b) The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2017
(c) The Family Court Ordinance, 1985
(d) The Domestic Violence Act, 2010
(Explanation: In 2017 Government of Bangladesh passed the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2017
replacing the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929. The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2017
prohibits child marriage.)
25. Which one of the following law deals with the offences related to marriage:
(a) The Penal Code, 1860
(b) The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2017
(c) The Family Court Ordinance, 1985
(d) The Domestic Violence Act, 2010
(Explanation: Sections 493 to 498 of the Penal Code of 1860 deals with the offences related to
marriage which are equally applicable for all citizens of Bangladesh irrespective of religion.)
26. Which one of the following law restricts polygamy for Muslims in Bangladesh:
(a) The Penal Code of 1860

(b) The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2017
(c) The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961
(d) The Domestic Violence Act, 2010
(Explanation: Section 6 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961 restricts polygamy which
requires to have permission from Arbitration Council constituted by Chairman/Mayor and two
representatives nominated by the husband and wife.)

What is meant by women’s empowerment?
Women’s empowerment is the process by which women gain power and control over their lives, and are able to actively participate in social, political and economic sectors of society, and thereby acquire the ability to make strategic choices. There are five components of women’s empowerment: sense of self- worth, the right to have and to determine choices, the right to have access to opportunities and resources, the right to have the power to control their own lives, and their ability to influence social changes for the sake of more just social and economic order. Globally, empowering women remains a major challenge in most, if not all countries. It is true that over the last several decades, the women’s rights movement has been successful in creating a more supporting environment for women through the adoption of anti-discriminatory policies and affirmative actions towards legal quotas for women. However, much remains to be done as the majority of women tend to be employed in menial unskilled jobs under poor working conditions at low pay. Women also face socio- cultural barriers and opportunities to work in high level positions across all sectors. Perhaps the greatest barrier to women’s empowerment is the unabated violence against women in its various forms, which is discussed below. Violence against women: In most countries, women are subjected to sexual harassment at the workplace thereby impeding their full
participation and ability to realise their potential. Due to the culture of impunity prevailing in most developing countries, perpetrators of crimes against women often escape prosecution, which in turn
contributes to a steady increase in incidents of violence against women. Violence against women may take various forms, including the following: physical and mental
aggression, emotional and psychological harm, rape and sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, trafficking for the purpose of sexual and economic exploitation, and forced pregnancies.
Domestic violence is a widely practised form of violence against women in a domestic setting where the abuser believes that abuse is acceptable and justified, and unlikely to be reported. Recent research shows
that there exists a direct correlation between a country’s level of gender equality and rates of domestic violence, where countries with less gender equality experience higher rates of domestic violence.
Violence in domestic setting produces inter-generational cycles of abuse in children and other family members, who may feel that such violence is acceptable or condoned.
Such forms of violence against women are often perpetrated in developing countries with patriarchal societies, where there are significant unequal relations between men and women. Sustained violence
against women prevents them from wholly contributing to the social, economic and political development of their communities. Moreover, violence against women often extends into the realm of health issues and become a direct concern of the public health sector. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO),
violence against women places an undue burden on health care services, as women who have suffered violence are more likely to need health services and at higher cost, compared to women who have not
suffered violence. How to combat violence against women and enhance women’s empowerment? – Invest in education, training, and awareness raising about the adverse impact of violence against
women on society.     – Conduct awareness campaigns at the behest of social, cultural and religious organisations to create a strong public opinion in favour of zero tolerance of offences against women, in particular, engage men and boys in conversations about domestic violence. – Reform structures and institutions that reinforce and perpetuate gender discrimination and
inequality. – Enact and enforce laws that protect women from discrimination and violence, including rape,
sexual harassment, physical and verbal abuse, torture and trafficking. – Appoint women investigating officers and prosecutors to make the investigation and trial more gender-sensitive, and increase the number of fast track courts for offences against women. – Ensure expansion of choices for women, including employment opportunities and increase access to and control over resources and public funds

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of the following is TRUE regarding domestic violence?
(a) Domestic violence is used to maintain power and control
(b) Domestic violence is not used to maintain power and control
(c) Domestic violence only involves men abusing women
(d) Domestic violence is not a serious problem in most communities
(Explanation: Domestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV) is resorted to with the
purpose of dominating and controlling the victim partner. Although in the vast majority of DV cases,
women are victims, there are cases where men have also been found to be victims.)

2. Domestic violence can take the form of which type of abuse
(a) Physical
(b) Emotional
(c) Sexual
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: Domestic violence can be perpetrated in all three forms: physical, emotional and
sexual).

3. Which of the following is TRUE regarding domestic violence?
(a) Many children who witness repeated domestic violence may experience de-sensitization to
aggressive behavior, poor anger management and poor problem solving skills.
(b) Children who witness repeated domestic violence will remain unaffected by it.
(c) Many children who witness repeated domestic violence will try very hard not to imitate what they
see
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Studies conducted on the effects of domestic violence on children shows that children
exposed to domestic violence do not have the foundation of safety and security that is normally
provided by the family. The children often tend to become desensitized to aggressive behaviour and
exhibit poor anger management and poor problem solving skills).
4. Globally, how prevalent is physical and sexual intimate partner violence and/or sexual violence by
a non-partner?
(a) 1 in 3 women experience this
(b) 1 in 4 women experience this
(c) 1 in 6 women experience this
(d) 1 in 10 women experience this
(Explanation: According to the WHO website, 35% of women globally have experienced such
violence. However such violence does not include emotional violence or sexual harassment and

hence, if these are included, the prevalence may be higher.)
5. Which of the following statements are TRUE?
(a) Childhood experiences of violence can be a risk factor to perpetrate and/or experience
violence as an adult
(b) Childhood experiences of violence have no bearing on how the individual will act when he/she
reaches adulthood.
(c) Childhood experiences of violence will help individuals combat domestic violence in an
effective manner.
(d) All of the above

(Explanation: According to the website of WHO, research shows that men who experience abuse
and neglect or have witnessed family violence in their childhood are more likely to perpetrate
intimate partner violence and studies also show that women who experience or have witnessed
family violence in their childhood are at increased risk of experiencing intimate partner violence.
The data suggest that violence is a learned behavior.)

6. Which of the following is true?
(a) Women are never to be blamed for rape
(b) Sometimes it is women’s own fault if they are raped
(c) Whether its appropriate to blame a woman for being a victim of rape depends on social and
cultural norms.
(d) All of the above.

(According to WHO website, harmful gender norms stigmatize women who are raped by blaming
them. However, perpetration of rape is about men’s abuse of power and of domination over
women. Norms that blame women for being raped must change and perpetrators must be held
accountable for their actions. Norms must also make it unacceptable for men to abuse power and
dominate women.)

7. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) Women experiencing violence should seek support of health care providers.
(b) Women experiencing violence should suffer in silence.
(c) Women experiencing violence need not seek help from any authority but try to deal with the
problem themselves.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: According to WHO website, women who are abused are more likely to seek health
services than those who are not, even if they don’t explicitly disclose such violence. Therefore
health services are an important entry point for women experiencing violence to access health care
and psychological support and referrals that they need.)

8. Which of the following strategies are effective for preventing violence against women

(a) Strengthening relationship skills and empowering women
(b) Ensuring services, reducing poverty and ensuring safety of environments
(c) Preventing childhood and adolescent abuse and transforming attitudes and beliefs
(d) All of the above.
(According to the WHO website, violence against women is preventable. Increasing evidence on
what works to prevent violence against women shows that 7 strategies are important to successful
programming to end violence against women: (i) Relationship skills strengthening, (ii)
Empowerment of women, (iii) Services ensured, (iv) Poverty reduced, (v) Environments made
safe, (vi) Childhood and adolescent abuse prevented, and (vii) Transformed attitudes, beliefs and
norms.)
9. In Bangladesh, the Prevention of Repression against Women and Children Act (PRWCA) was
enacted on:
(a) 14th February 2000
(b) 21st
February 1980
(c) 10th
January 2020
(d) 11
th
March 2010
(Explanation: The Prevention of Repression against Women and Children Act, 2000 was enacted
on 14.02.2000)

10. A man convicted of raping a woman or a child under the PRWCA is liable to be sentenced to a
maximum term of
(a) death
(b) life imprisonment
(c) 10 years
(d) 7 years
(Explanation: Section 9 of the PRWCA provides that the maximum term for the aforesaid offence
shall be life imprisonment)
11. A person who is convicted of attempting to murder his wife for non-payment of dowry under the
PRWCA is liable to be sentenced to a maximum term of :
(a) death
(b) life imprisonment
(c) 10 years
(d) 7 years
(Explanation: Section 11(A) of PWRCA provides that the maximum sentence for the aforesaid
offence shall be imprisonment for life)

12. Trial of offences under the PRWCA is conducted by:
(a) a special tribunal called the ‘Prevention of Repression against Women and Children Tribunal’
(b) a Magistrate

(c) the High Court Division
(d) None of the above.
(Section 26 of PWRCA provides for establishing a special tribunal called the Prevention of
Repression Against Women and Children Tribunal for conducting the trial of offence under the
PWRCA).

13. A person accused of an offence under the PRWCA:
(a) may not be granted bail by the trial court
(b) shall be granted bail as a matter of course
(c) may be granted bail by the trial court depending on the facts and circumstances of the case
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: Section19, PWRCA provides that the trial court has a discretion to grant the accused
person bail depending on the facts and circumstances of the case).

14. A death sentence passed under the PRWCA:
(a) may be immediately implemented
(b) may be implemented only after confirmation by the High Court Division
(c) may be implemented if the convict does not appeal
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Death sentences passed by the court under the PRWCA cannot be implemented
automatically. Section 29, PWRCA requires the death sentences passed by the tribunal to be
confirmed by the High Court Division)
15. A fine imposed by a trial court under the PRWCA:
(a) may be realised from the convict only through cash payments
(b) may be realised by sale of the convict’s properties on auction
(c) may be realised from the convict through issuance of a bond or a bank guarantee
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 16, PWRCA provides that fines imposed by the court may be recovered by
selling the properties of the convict on auction)
16. In any society, the degree of women’s empowerment may be gauged by:
(a) sense of self-worth and right to determine choices
(b) right to have access to opportunities and resources
(c) right to have the power to control their own lives
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: Empowering women means creating opportunities for them so that they can actively
participate in society and take decisions and make choices which shape their lives.)
17. In order to address violence against women, the following strategies should be adopted:
(a) Women should remain silent about their plight
(b) Women should accept that they are the weaker sex

(c) Education, training and awareness building is required about the adverse impact of violence
against women
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: Violence should never be met with silence as it tends to perpetuate the cycle of
violence. Educating, training and creating awareness about violence against women are vital to put
an end to such forms of abuse).

18. A person convicted under the Dowry Prohibition Act, 2018 for demanding dowry is punishable by
a maximum sentence of:
(a) 5 years
(b) 7 years
(c) 10 years
(d) 12 years
(Explanation: Section 3 of the Act of 2018 provides that the maximum sentence for the aforesaid
offence shall be 5 years)
19. A person convicted under the Dowry Prevention Act, 2018 for payment or receipt of dowry is
punishable by a maximum sentence of:
(a) 5 years (section 4)
(b) 7 years
(c) 10 years
(d) 12 years
(Explanation: Section 4 of the Act of 2018 provides that the maximum sentence for the aforesaid offence
shall be 5 years)

20. Engaging men and boys in conversations about domestic violence is:
(a) Useful as a way of creating awareness about domestic violence.
(b) Not effective because men are not usually victims of domestic violence
(c) Unnecessary as instances of domestic violence occur at the instance of men.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Studies show that the majority of men do not use violence or condone it and that
constructions of male identity play a crucial role in shaping some men’s perpetration of physical
and sexual assault. Also, men have greater access to resources and opportunities to influence large
social structures and institutions, and can help put an end to men’s violence. This makes it
necessary to involve men and boys in combating domestic violence.)

21. For the purpose of achieving women’s empowerment, which of the following statements is
TRUE?
(a) Reforming laws that reinforce gender discrimination and inequality is essential
(b) Enacting and enforcing laws that protect women from violence and sexual harassment is
necessary
(c) Ensuring expansion of choices, including employment opportunities for women

(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: Empowering women requires an amendment to the legal framework and social
structures and institutions so that women can have access to sufficient choice and opportunities to
shape their lives. Without repealing laws that reinforce gender inequality and inhibit women’s
choices, women’s empower is not possible.)

22. The Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is
an international treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly in:
(a) 1979
(b) 1989
(c) 1999
(d) 2009
(Explanation: CEDAW was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1979)
23. The CEDAW addresses issues relating to:
(a) Non- discrimination, sex-stereotypes and sex trafficking (Articles 1-6, Part 1)
(b) Women’s rights in the public sphere with an emphasis on political life, representation and
rights to nationality (Articles 7-9, Part II)
(c) Economic and social rights of women, particularly focusing on education, employment, and
health (Articles 10-14, Part III)
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: Articles 1-6 (Part I), CEDAW deals with non-discrimination, sex-stereotypes and
sex trafficking, Articles 7-9 (Part II) deals with women’s rights in the public sphere, while Articles
10-14 (Part III) deals with the economic and social rights of women).

24. The Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has
been:
(a) Signed but not ratified by Bangladesh
(b) Ratified by Bangladesh without reservations
(c) Ratified by Bangladesh with reservations
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Bangladesh ratified in CEDAW in 1984 with reservations on Articles 2, 13(a)
16.1(c) and 16.1(f). Currently, there are reservations on Articles 2 and 16.1(c) only).

25. By ratifying CEDAW, States commit to end discrimination against women by:
(a) incorporating the principle of equality between men and women in their legal system
(b) establishing tribunals to ensure effective protection of women against discrimination
(c) elimination of all acts of discrimination against women by persons and organisations.
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: CEDAW requires States to end discrimination by putting an end to gender
discrimination and inequality, and to that end, they are required to establish independent tribunals

for effective protection and enforcement of women’s rights)

Introduction:
Combating corruption is a challenging task in any society. Corruption takes many forms, including bribery, extortion, political influence, graft and embezzlement. Corruption in the public sector is particularly challenging, given its adverse impact of the economy. In developing countries, such as Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, it is widely known that government servants often accept unauthorised gratifications for
performance of their official tasks. Public servants are also known to frequently resort to corrupt and illegal means and/or to abuse their authority to secure pecuniary advantages for themselves. However, apart from these obvious forms of corruption, there exist more subtle forms of corruption, some of which may not even be prohibited in several countries. For instance, some political funding practices may be legal in one jurisdiction but illegal in another. In some cases, broad discretionary powers are vested in public officials which blurs the line between lawful and unlawful actions and opens up possibilities for corrupt abuse of powers. Effect of corruption on the economy: The adverse impact of corruption on the economy is well-documented. Corrupt economies are plagued by inefficient allocation of resources with bribery allowing companies that are otherwise not qualified winning government contracts. Furthermore, such economies are characterised by an uneven distribution of wealth as small businesses face unfair competition from large companies that have established illegal connections with government officials. Corruption also causes economic distortions in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes are easily available. According to the World Bank, the average income in countries with a high level of corruption is about a third of that of countries with a
low level of corruption. Effect of corruption on education: Corruption in the education sector takes place in various forms ranging from academic cheating to bribery, and nepotism in teaching appointments to manipulation of bids. Corruption results in poor education outcomes: diversion of public funds deprives schools of much needed educational resources whilst favouritism results in the appointment of unqualified and incompetent teachers. Furthermore, corruption in primary and secondary education has an adverse impact on policy making and
planning, school management, procurement and teacher conduct. Reportedly, corruption affects all three major aspects of education: access, equity and quality. Effect of corruption on health: Corruption in the health sector comes in various forms: bribery, theft, bureaucratic or political corruption, and misinformation for private gain. Corruption in the health care
system results in access to health services being denied for want of bribes, public funds being siphoned away from research on life saving drugs and procurements of medical supplies being stalled due to nepotism and influence. Corruption in the health sector increases inequality. In particular, corruption in health services availed of by women exposes them to abuse and curbs access to vital reproductive and child health services. Corruption also slows down the fight against HIV/AIDS and other diseases, and quite often disrupts individual patients’ treatment regimes.

Prevention Strategy and Guidelines:
1. Anti-Corruption body should be established as a truly independent entity with
sufficient authority to prosecute and punish corrupt individuals.
2. Neutral, competent and independent prosecutors to be appointed who will be
able to effectively prosecute high profile cases of corruption.
3. Empower the free media so that effective steps may be taken for holding
politicians and government officers accountable.
4. Empower and strengthen the civil society so that they may play an effective
role in proposing policies and programs for effectively curbing corruption and
in monitoring the efficacy of State measures in this regard.
5. Encourage public and private sector actors in the various sectors to work
together to fight corruption.

Multiple Choice Questions (50):
1. X, a civil servant demands Tk. 500 from Y to process his housing application.
X informs Y that the extra money is required to process his application
expeditiously. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) X’s action amounts to corruption because he is demanding additional
money for services that he is legally obliged to perform.
(b) X is demanding ‘speed money’ to help Y which is not unlawful.
(c) X is providing a valuable service by speeding up the processing of Y’s
housing application.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Under section 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, a
public servant is said to commit criminal misconduct if he agrees to accept or
attempts to obtain any gratification other than legal remuneration as a motive or
reward.)

2. X, a public school teacher, provides Y, a student with a copy of the question
paper the night before the exams:
(a) X is abusing his authority to provide an unlawful benefit to a third party,
which amounts to corruption.
(b) X is merely helping a student, which is not an offence.
(c) Providing a copy of the question paper to a student is not an offence if it is
not accompanied by answers.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Resorting to corrupt or illegal means to secure a valuable thing
for oneself or another is a form of criminal under section 5 of the Prevention of
Corruption Act, 1947)
3. X takes a business loan from Sonali bank, Bangladesh’s leading public bank, to
operate his factories. He spends the entire loan amount on buying a Jaguar for
himself. Which of the following is TRUE?
(a) X’s action amounts to unauthorised and corrupt use of the bank’s funds.
(b) X can spend the loan amount on whatever he wants and as such, he has not
committed any offence.
(c) X can use the loan amount for buying a Jaguar so long if he pays back the
loan in time.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Misuse of public funds for purposes not sanctioned by law is a
corrupt use of funds for which X may face both civil and criminal liability)
4. X is a public official responsible for inviting tenders. X is also a director and
shareholder of Y, one of the companies making the bid. X manipulates the
tender conditions to ensure that Y’s bid wins:
(a) X is abusing his authority to secure an advantage to himself in his capacity
as director and shareholder of Y.
(b) Manipulation of tender conditions to suit X’s benefit is not an offence.
(c) Since Y is qualified to complete the task, X did not commit any offence by
ensuring that Y’s bid wins.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: The action described amounts to securing a valuable thing or
pecuniary advantage for oneself through use of corrupt or illegal means or by
abusing one’s position as public servant, which is a form of criminal
misconduct under section 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947).

5. X is the director of a government agency recruiting an expert for one of their
projects. There are over a hundred applications for the post. X appoints Y, the
daughter of a friend as a favour although there are better qualified applicants
for the post:
(a) X’s action in favouring family friends in connection with public
procurement is an act of nepotism and corruption.
(b) X is under no obligation to appoint the best qualified person for the job,
and so no wrong has been committed in appointing Y.
(c) Y fulfils the minimum qualifications for appointment as an expert and so
no questions should be raised about her appointment.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Abuse of one’s position as a public servant to provide a valuable
thing to another is a form of criminal misconduct which is punishable under the
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947).
6. X, a Member of Parliament (MP), actively advocates the interests of Y, a
pharmaceutical company. Immediately after leaving office as MP, X joins the
Board of Directors of Y with an annual salary of USD 500,000:
(a) X’s subsequent appointment as Y’s director indicates that he abused in
authority in advocating Y’s interests while he was MP.
(b) X did not receive any funds from Y while he was holding the office of MP,
and so his action is not in any way blameworthy.
(c) X joined Y as a salaried director after leaving the office of MP, and so there
is no conflict of interest.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: The facts of the case prima facie indicate that X abused his
position as public servant to advocate the interests of Y with view to securing a
pecuniary advantage for himself in the form of a directorship of Y.)
7. X’s mother is suffering from a grave illness and needs to be urgently
hospitalised. X requests Y, the Registrar of Dhaka Medical College Hospital
(DMCH) to arrange for hospitalisation of his mother promising to pay the
standard medical charges. Y demands an additional Tk. 5000 for quickly
arranging a hospital bed for X’s mother, but X is unable to pay the amount.
(a) Y’s action results in X being deprived of access to health services and is a
form of corruption.
(b) Y is entitled to charge an additional amount because he is providing a
valuable service to X.

(c) X should pay the additional Tk. 5000 because such payment is necessary to
arrange for hospitalisation of his sick mother.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Y’s demand of money for arranging hospitalisation of X amounts
to attempting to obtain for himself gratification other than legal remuneration,
which is not permissible in law).
8. X, the owner of a private medical clinic, applies to the Ministry of Health for a
licence to provide diagnostic services. Y, a junior civil servant at the Ministry,
promises to process X’s application swiftly, if X pays an amount of Tk. 500.
(a) Demand of additional payment which is not sanctioned by law amounts to
corrupt practices.
(b) Y is providing a valuable service by speeding up the application process
and is entitled to demand additional payment.
(c) Payment of speed money is now acceptable in most countries, and should
not be penalised.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Demanding additional payment for processing the licensing
application amounts to seeking to obtain gratification other than legal
remuneration, which is a form of criminal misconduct punishable by law).
9. In order to effectively combat corruption in corruption prone societies:
(a) It is necessary to set up an independent anti-corruption body with strong
powers to prosecute and punish
(b) A competent police force will suffice.
(c) Honesty and sincerity on the part of the administration will be sufficient.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: A neutral and independent body sufficiently empowered to
prosecute corrupt individuals is essential for success in the battle against
corruption. The police and the executive machinery being susceptible to
influence by politicians (who have to accommodate divergent interests) are ill-
suited to prosecuting corrupt people who are often wealthy and well-
connected).
10. The following are required for effectively combating corruption in any society:
(a) Free Media
(b) Neutral and independent prosecutors

(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
(Explanation: In order to combat corruption, it is important that journalists are
allowed to report freely incidents of corruption. Knowledge of corrupt practices
is a precondition for prosecuting the corrupt. At the same time, it is necessary
to have neutral and independent public prosecutors who will be able to
successfully prosecute corrupt persons).
11. In developing societies, corruption in the health sector:
(a) May result in public funds being siphoned away from research on life
saving drugs
(b) May cause procurements of medical supplies to be stalled
(c) May slow down the fight against HIV/AIDS and other diseases
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: Corruption in the health sector has far reaching adverse
consequences, including the ones listed in (a)-(c)).
12. In developing countries such as Bangladesh, anti-corruption efforts are not
successful because of:
(a) Lack of judicial independence
(b) Corruption of law enforcement agencies
(c) Weak enforcement of law
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: Corruption is rampant in developing countries such as
Bangladesh, as it is relatively easy for corrupt individuals to frustrate the
process of the law and at times, exercise their influence to avoid prosecution
and/or secure an acquittal. A strong criminal justice system and an independent
judiciary are essential pre-conditions for success in the battle against
corruption).
13. According to the Corruption Perception Index (2019), the country with the
highest score is:
(a) Denmark
(b) Venezuela
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Somalia

(Explanation: According to the Corruption Perception Index (CPI), 2019 published
in January 2020, Denmark is the country with the highest CPI, i.e., it is the least
corrupt).
14. The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) established in Bangladesh under the
Anti Corruption Commission Act, 2004 has the power to investigate into
offences of:
(a) Corruption by public servants
(b) Murder
(c) Rape
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: The ACC has been empowered by the Act of 2004 to try
corruption related offences. It has no authority to try offences of murder or
rape.)
15. The Anti Corruption Commission established under the Anti- Corruption
Commission Act, 2004 are required to act:
(a) Independently
(b) At the dictate of the Government
(c) On the instructions of Public Service Commission
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Under section 24 of the ACC Act 2004, the Commission is
required to be independently in the performance of its functions).

16. For the purpose of prosecuting offences involving corruption, the Anti-
Corruption Commission is required to:
(a) Have a permanent prosecution unit/department
(b) Engage government appointed lawyers to represent it in legal proceedings.
(c) Conduct the cases itself without engaging any lawyers
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 30 of the Act of 2004 requires the ACC to have a
permanent prosecution department)
17. If the Anti-Corruption Commission has reasons to believe that an individual is
in possession of properties beyond his known sources of income:

(a) It may arrest the individual with the permission of the Court
(b) It may arrest the individual without warrant
(c) It may caution the individual
(d) All of the above
(Explanation: Under section 21 of the Act of 2004, the ACC has the power to
arrest an individual possessing property beyond his known sources of income
with the permission of the concerned court)

18. An offence specified in the Schedule to the Anti-Corruption Commission Act,
2004 is required to be investigated by:
(a) The Anti-Corruption Commission
(b) The Police
(c) The Rapid Action Battalion
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 20 of the Act of 2004 provides that the ACC shall
investigate the offences specified in the schedule to the Act).
19. In order to institute any proceedings under the Anti-Corruption Commission
Act, 2004:
(a) It is mandatory to obtain the prior approval of the Anti-Corruption
Commission (ACC)
(b) It is recommended to obtain approval of the ACC.
(c) It would suffice if approval of the ACC is obtained after the institution of
the proceedings.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 32 of the Act of 2004 makes it mandatory to obtain the
prior approval of the ACC before instituting any proceedings under the Act.)

20. In order to catch an offender involved in offences relating to corruption, the
ACC has been empowered to:
(a) File trap cases under the ACC Rules
(b) Tap the phone lines of the suspected individual

(c) Arrest him on suspicion without a warrant
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Rule 16(1) of the ACC Rules, 2007 empowers the ACC to file
trap cases in order to apprehend offenders)
21. A person who is found guilty of being in possession of movable and
immovable properties beyond known sources of income is liable to be
sentenced to imprisonment for a maximum term of:
(a) 10 years
(b) 3 years
(c) 5 years
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 27 of the Act of 2004 provides that the maximum
sentence for the aforesaid offence shall be 10 years).
22. A person guilty of money laundering under section 4 of the Prevention of
Money Laundering Act, 2012 is liable to be sentenced for a term of
imprisonment ranging from:
(a) 4 years to 12 years
(b) 3 years to 10 years
(c) 5 years to 10 years
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: Section 4 of the Act of 2012 provides that a person guilty of
money laundering is liable to be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not less
than 4 years and not more than 12 years).
23. A person charged with an offence of money laundering under the Prevention of
Money Laundering Act, 2012:
(a) Has no right to be granted bail by the court.
(b) May be granted bail by the court upon satisfaction of certain conditions
(c) Has a right to be granted bail.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 13 of the Act of 2012 empowers the courts to grant bail
to a person accused of an offence of money laundering if (a) the person making
the allegation is given an opportunity of a hearing and the court is satisfied that
there are reasonable grounds to believe that he will not be found guilty, or (b) if

the accused is a woman or a child or physically disabled and there is no scope
for interference with the administration of justice.)
24. X, a judge, buys from Y government promissory notes at a discount when they
are selling in the market at a premium. Y has a case pending in X’s Court.
(a) X has obtained a valuable thing from Y without adequate consideration, and
has thereby committed an offence under section 165 of the Penal Code
(b) X has committed an offence because it is illegal to purchase promissory
notes at a discount when they are selling in the market at a premium.
(c) X has not committed any offence as it is not unlawful for X to enter into a
business transaction with Y.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 165 of the Penal Code, 1860 provides that a public
servant who obtains a valuable thing from another without adequate
consideration has committed an offence).
25. A public servant who prepares or translates a document in a manner which he
knows or believes to be incorrect, intending to cause injury to any person is
liable to be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to:
(a) 3 years
(b) 5 years
(c) 7 years
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: Section 167 of the Penal Code, 1860 provides that the maximum
sentence for the aforesaid offence shall be 3 years).
26. X, an officer of Sonali Bank, the largest state owned bank in Bangladesh,
makes a false entry in the bank records to benefit Y, a client of the bank. What
is the maximum term of imprisonment to which X may be sentenced:
(a) 7 years
(b) 5 years
(c) 10 years
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 477A of the Penal Code, 1860 provides that the
maximum sentence for the aforesaid offence shall be 7 years).

27. Corruption Perception Index (CPI) ranks countries:
(a) By their perceived levels of public sector corruption
(b) By their perceived levels of corruption in the private sector
(c) By the actual levels of corruption in the public and private sectors
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: The CPI ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector
corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys).
28. Corruption Perception Index (CPI) is an index published annually by:
(a) Transparency International
(b) World Bank
(c) International Monetary Fund
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: The CPI is an index which is published by Transparency
International annually).
29. The UN Convention against Corruption was adopted by the UN General
Assembly on:
(a) 31 st October 2003
(b) 31 st October 2013
(c) Not yet adopted
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: The UN General Assembly adopted the UN Convention Against
Corruption on 31.10.2003).
30. The UN Convention against Corruption covers which of the following areas:
(a) Preventive measures
(b) Criminalisation and law enforcement
(c) International cooperation, Asset recovery and Technical Assistance and
Information Exchange.
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: The Convention addresses all the issues listed in (a)-(c) above.)
31. The UN Convention against Corruption has been:

(a) Ratified by Bangladesh with reservations.
(b) Signed but not ratified by Bangladesh
(c) Adopted without any reservations by Bangladesh
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: Bangladesh has adopted the Convention with the reservation that
it is not bound by Article 66, para 2 of the Convention).
32. The UN Convention against Corruption addresses:
(a) Private sector corruption only
(b) Public sector corruption only
(c) Both private and public sector corruption
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: Articles 7 and 12 of the Convention deal with public and private
sector corruption respectively)
33. The UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crimes, 2011 was
adopted to promote cooperation to prevent and combat offences relating to:
(a) Money Laundering
(b) Corruption
(c) Obstruction of justice
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: The Convention addresses all the issues listed in paragraphs (a)-
(c) above).
34. The UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crimes, 2011 has been:
(a) Ratified by Bangladesh with reservations.
(b) Signed but not ratified by Bangladesh
(c) Adopted without any reservations by Bangladesh
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: Bangladesh has adopted the Convention with the reservation that
it is not bound by Article 35, para 2 of the Convention).
35. Politicisation of recruitment of teacher in universities and schools in
Bangladesh:

(a) Adversely affects the standard of education
(b) Has no impact on the quality of education
(c) Is beneficial for teachers
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: Recruitment of competent teachers is a pre-condition for a high
quality education. Politicisation in the recruitment process results in the
appointment of unqualified teachers, which directly impacts on the quality of
the education).
36. Designating senior civil servants as Officers on Special Duty (OSD)
immediately after a change in political regime is common in Bangladesh. Such
action is:
(a) A form of corruption in the governance sector
(b) Justified in order to ensure political alignment of bureaucrats with the ruling
party.
(c) Necessary in order to infuse energy into the administration.
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: The practice of designating civil servants as OSD often results in
experienced and highly qualified bureaucrats from playing any role in the
administration. Such practice is resorted to in order to allow politically aligned
bureaucrats to take up senior positions within the civil administration – which
is a form of blatant corruption).
37. Employment of unregistered doctors and doctors with false certificates by
private hospitals and medical clinics in Bangladesh is:
(a) A form of corruption and maladministration of the private health sector.
(b) Acceptable, as it is common in both developed and developing countries.
(c) Justified in developing countries because of a lack of adequately trained
medical professionals and doctors.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Employment of unregistered doctors by private clinics in
violation of law is a form of corruption in the private health sector which often
results in incidents of medical negligence culminating in the death of patients).
38. The Constitution of Bangladesh requires the judiciary to be separate from the
executive in the exercise of its judicial funds. But in practice, the executive
exercises control over the appointment and posting of subordinate judges,
which:

(a) Facilitates corruption of the judicial organ by allowing the ruling party to
influence the judiciary.
(b) Is justified, as the executive has every right to ensure that judicial decisions
are aligned with the government agenda.
(c) Is warranted in developing countries where the judiciary is expected to
operate at the dictate of the executive.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: The appointment and control of the subordinate judiciary has to
be vested in the Supreme Court in order to prevent executive interference in
judicial functions. As long as the executive branch is responsible for
appointment, control and posting of subordinate judges, the ruling party will
have the scope to influence the exercise of judicial functions).
39. A public servant assigned to procurement tasks by the Government may
receive gifts worth the following amount(s) from a potential bidder:
(a) Tk. 250
(b) Tk. 10,000
(c) None of the above
(d) Both (a) and (b).
(Explanation: Clause 6 of the Code of Ethics for Public Procurement, 2007
provides that a person may give to a public servant a gift of small intrinsic
value such as business diaries, calendars, key rings or a ballpoint with the
Person's company symbol provided that the value of such individual item does
not exceed Tk. 500/-)
40. X, a secretary of the Government of Bangladesh has been offered a gift by the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Malaysia. The gift is worth Tk. 4,000.
(a) X may accept the gift as the law allows secretaries to the Government to
accept gifts from official dignitaries not exceeding Tk. 5,000
(b) X should refuse the gift as government servants are not allowed to receive
any gifts from third parties.
(c) X should refuse the gift as government servants are only allowed to accept
gifts worth Tk. 500.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Rule 5(4) of the Government Servants (Conduct) Rules, 1979
provides that secretaries to the Government or officers of equivalent status may
accept gifts offered abroad or within Bangladesh by institutions or official

dignitaries of foreign Government of comparable or higher level provided that
the value of the gift in each case does not exceed Taka 5000 (Taka five
thousand).
41. A public servant in Bangladesh commits criminal misconduct under section 5
of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 if:
(a) he dishonestly or fraudulently misappropriates or otherwise converts for his
own use any property entrusted to him or under his control as a public
servant or allows any other person so to do.
(b) he fails to discharge his responsibilities as a public servant sincerely and
diligently.
(c) he fails to properly account for public funds entrusted to him.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 5(1)(c) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947
provides that a public servant commits criminal misconduct if he dishonestly or
fraudulently misappropriates property entrusted to him or converts it for his
own use).
42. A public servant convicted of an offence of criminal misconduct under section
5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 is liable to be a maximum sentence
of
(a) 7 years
(b) 10 years
(c) 12 years
(d) 20 years
(Explanation: Section 5(2) of the Act of 1947 provides that the maximum
sentence for the offence of criminal misconduct shall be 7 years).

43. In the trial of an offence under section 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act,
1947, the Court shall presume the accused person is guilty of criminal
misconduct if:
(a) the accused has in his possession pecuniary resources disproportionate to
his known sources of income for which he cannot satisfactorily account.
(b) the accused fails to account for his movable and immovable properties.
(c) the accused fails to pay taxes on his total income.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 5(3) of the Act of 1947 provides that a person in
possession of pecuniary resources disproportionate to his known sources of
income shall be presumed to be guilty of the offence of criminal misconduct).
44. X is a government servant. His 18 year old son, Y lives with him. Y is
unemployed but owns a mansion and drives a Jaguar.
(a) X is guilty of criminal misconduct because his dependent is in possession of
pecuniary resources disproportionate to his known sources of income.

(b) X cannot be held responsible for the fact that Y owns a mansion and drives
a Jaguar.
(c) The mere fact that X’s son has a lavish lifestyle does not lead to the
conclusion that X is guilty of criminal misconduct.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: (s. 5(1)(e) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 provides
that a person is guilty of criminal misconduct if he or his dependents are found
to be in possession of pecuniary resources disproportionate to his known
sources of income).
45. X pays a bribe to a public servant to win a government contract. Such corrupt
practices:
(a) have an adverse impact of the economy
(b) have to be accepted as part and parcel of the economy of developing
countries.
(c) have no impact whatsoever on the economy.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Unqualified entities winning government contracts by bribing
public servants results in inefficient allocation of resources which in turn has an
adverse impact on the economy).
46. Corrupt economies are characterized by uneven distribution of wealth:
(a) True, because small businesses face unfair competition from large
companies that bribe government officials.
(b) False, because corrupt economies function like any other economy.
(c) False, because corrupt economies do not, as such, prevent equitable
allocation of resources.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: One of the characteristics of a corrupt economy is that it fails to
allocate its resources properly and efficiently. Rampant corruption in the public
sector results in unqualified entities being awarded government contracts,
leading to an uneven distribution of wealth).
47. Which one of the following would amount to corruption in the education
sector:
(a) A teacher allowing a student to cheat during the final examinations
(b) A teacher taking extra classes for students who are struggling to cope with
their studies
(c) A teacher providing private tuition to school students.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: A teacher who allows a student to cheat during exams abuses his
position and resorts to corrupt and illegal means to provide a valuable thing to
another person).
48. X applies for the position of lecturer of Dhaka University, the leading public
university of Bangladesh. There are more than 50 applicants for this position.

Y, the Vice-Chancellor of the university grants X’s application as he is a family
friend, although there were many applicants more qualified than X.
(a) Y’s act amounts to nepotism, which is a form of corruption.
(b) Since X fulfills the minimum qualifications for appointment, there is no
wrong in appointing him as lecturer.
(c) As Vice-Chancellor, Y has the discretion to appoint any person he deems fit
for the post of lecturer, and so there was no wrong in appointing X as
lecturer.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Nepotism in the process of recruitment of teachers of public
universities is a blatant form of corruption, which has an adverse impact on the
education).
49. A government school in a remote district in northern Bangladesh is granted
Taka One million by the Ministry of Education for repairing the school
buildings. X, the Chairman of the school’s governing body spends 20 per cent
of the funds for increasing the salaries of the school teachers.
(a) X’s action amounts to corruption as he is making an unauthorised use of
public funds.
(b) X is using public funds for paying salaries to school teachers which is a
commendable act.
(c) X has not committed any wrong as he is not using the public funds for his
own benefit.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: X is abusing his position as Chairman of Governing body and
has resorted to corrupt and illegal means to misappropriate public funds to
secure a pecuniary advantage to others. This is a form of corruption).
50. X, the principal of a leading public school, invites bids for the purchase of
tables and chairs. One of the bidders communicates with X privately and offers
a discount on a personal project that he is undertaking for X on the condition
that his bid is accepted. Y’s bid is accepted, although his goods are of lower
quality.
(a) X is abusing his position to secure for himself a pecuniary advantage which
results in the school being deprived of proper educational resources, which
is tantamount to corruption
(b) X has not committed any wrong because the school is receiving the tables
and chairs on time.
(c) As principal of the school, X is entitled to avail of benefits from appointing
the same contractor.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: X abused his position and resorted to corrupt means to award the
tender to Y so as to secure for himself a pecuniary advantage in the form of a
discount on his personal project, which is a form of corruption).

Introduction:
As a general concept, ‘extremism’ refers to ideas, beliefs, actions, attitudes and strategies that  are perceived to be widely divergent from the socially accepted mainstream position. Extremism may manifest itself in various forms in different sections of society. It may be driven by nationalistic fervor, religious beliefs or even political ideologies. However, there is no objective mode of determining what amounts to ‘extremism’. One’s understanding of what amounts to ‘extremism’ depends on time, spatial and contextual considerations. An act which is perceived to be ‘extreme’ today may be considered to ‘just’ and ‘moral’ tomorrow. Likewise, an individual in the midst of waging a battle may be considered to be a ‘freedom fighter’ or a ‘terrorist’ depending on one’s moral and political position. The term ‘extremism’ is thus necessarily a fluid and subjective concept.

Recent rise of violent extremism:

Extremism culminating in large scale violence and killing is not a new phenomenon. Millions
were killed in Cambodia as part of the brutal extremist policies of Pol Pot to establish a communist peasant society. In Rwanda and former Yugoslavia, ethnic strife has claimed millions of lives. The recent rise of groups such as Al-Qaeda/ISIS which have carried out trans-border violence and killings has made it increasingly challenging to curb violent extremism. In recent years, violent extremism has risen as a result of a number of factors, including the following:

(i) The ability to use modern communication technology, in particular, social media to influence groups and individuals in carrying out acts of violent extremism.
(ii) The globalization of violent extremism and the cross-border nature of a group’s reach, including their span of recruitment and operations.

(iii) Unprecedented access to lethal weapons, including devices that can be used to inflict mass destruction.

Characteristics of violent extremism:

Although violent extremism may be motivated by a variety of different factors, they share a number of common characteristics, which include the following:
1. Deliberate targeting of civilians, both individuals and communities, with the intention of inflicting harm;
2. Lack of tolerance for multiple narratives that diverges from their belief system;
3. Complete, and often violent, disregard for civic discourse, cultural, scientific or
rational thought, human rights, due process etc.

What are the drivers of violent extremism?
1. Rejection of growing diversity in society

2. Political exclusion, shrinking civic space, and limited opportunities for participation
3. Economic exclusion and limited opportunities for upward mobility.
4. Changing global culture and banalisation of violence
5. Perceptions of injustice, corruption, and mistreatment of minority groups.
6. Rejection of socio-economic and political system
7. Weak state capacity and failing security
8. Role of global and regional politics in creating complex political, economic and social circumstances promoting extremism.

What is Political Extremism?
In the field of politics, the term ‘extremism’ may be used to refer to political parties and/or movements that operate on the fringes of the prevailing political culture and challenge the accepted norms of politics by, for instance, advocating authoritarianism and intolerance or expressing hostility towards democracy and popular sovereignty. In the 1930s and 1940s until the end of the Second World War, the Nazi Party established a system of one party rule in Germany compelling citizens to express unflinching loyalty to the party philosophy. It is now widely accepted that the politics of the Nazi Party was a form of ‘political extremism’. The Nazi Party and the use of symbols associated with it have been banned in most European countries.

What is Religious extremism?
The terms ‘religious fundamentalism’, ‘radicalism’ or ‘extremism’ are often used interchangeably. There is no universally accepted definition of these terms. Nor is there any objective yardstick to determine what amounts to religious extremism. Thus, some would consider a rigid interpretation of scriptures to be a form of ‘religious extremism’, while others would require prejudice, hostility or even armed conflict to emanate from a particular interpretation of the religious scriptures before the same can be termed as ‘religious extremism’. According to one interpretation, religious extremism refers to the firmly held
ideological belief that one is under an obligation to establish a political system suggested by religious norms through violent means. Thus, groups, such as ISIS, which are fuelled by extreme religious dogma and are fighting to establish political agendas which run counter to mainstream political systems, would be regarded as ‘religious extremists’.

Advice and Guidelines:
How to prevent political extremism:
1. Government should allow legitimate political opposition and dissent and encourage all political parties to participate in the electoral process by operating in the political and constitutional mainstream;

2. Political parties should reach a consensus to refrain from using violence to subvert the political order, and to sever ties with political entities that advocate the use of violence to destabilise the government.
3. Robust role to be played by the Judiciary in protecting the rights of all citizens to freely express themselves and in restraining the Executive branch from undermining fundamental constitutional rights.
4. Independence of the judiciary to be ensured by requiring the subordinate and superior judiciary to be appointed on the basis of merit following a consultative and transparent process.
5. Criminal Justice system to be modernised by developing professionalism within the police force and prosecution agencies and increasing the use of technology and forensic evidentiary standards in investigations and trials with a view to ensuring fairness in the system of delivery of justice. How to prevent religious extremism:
1. Develop awareness programs about the ideological challenge of religious extremism and terrorism and threat from those who promote it.
2. Develop programs for identifying and supporting people at risk of being radicalised and provide them appropriate advice and support.
3. Work closely with education and healthcare providers, faith groups, charities and the wider criminal justice system with a view to developing an integrated approach to religious extremism.
4. Develop appropriate programs for combating the spread of religious extremism in the internet by blocking access to content that encourages radicalisation.
5. Working with the media to counter the narrative of radical groups and promote human rights and tolerance.

Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Terrorism can be defined as
a.  The use of violence, or the threat of it, in service of a broadly political or religious
aim
b. The use of violence by one state against another
c. Indirect justice
d. None of the above
(Explanation: Terrorist groups often use violence or the threat of violence to fulfil their
political goals or agenda. Some radical terrorist groups tend to take the view that they are
required by their religious beliefs to use whatever means necessary, including violence, to
establish what they perceive to be their religious aims)

2. Why is terrorism difficult to define?
a. Terrorist acts are not always universally regarded as either illegal or immoral
b. Terrorists may be looked upon as martyrs not criminals by certain states
c. The moral status of those involved in terrorist acts changes over time
d. All of the above
(Explanation: One’s understanding of what amounts to ‘extremism’ or ‘terrorism’
depends on time, spatial and contextual considerations. An act which is perceived to be
‘extreme’ today may be considered to ‘just’ and ‘moral’ tomorrow. Nelson Mandela, who
spent 27 years in jail for terrorist activities, became one of the world’s most venerated
world leaders after his release from prison. Terrorism is difficult to define because the
concept is not necessarily objective.)
3. Why are contemporary terrorist groups so concerned with achieving massive publicity for
their violent activities?
a. Publicity draws attention to the terrorists’ motives
b. Those in power react negatively to terrorist acts which further publicises the motives
of the terrorists themselves
c. There are many people around the globe that may sympathise with the terrorists’
motives and therefore publicity produces sympathy
d. All of the options
(Explanation: Terrorist groups often tend to claim responsibility immediately after the
occurrence of terrorist activities. Such activities are conducted with a view to making a
political statement, which is why publicity is so crucial to their success. All of the above
are applicable in understanding the actions of terrorist groups)
4. X is a devout Muslim who prays 5 times a day in congregation in his local mosque. He
wears his trousers above his ankles and keeps a long beard because of his religious
conviction. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) X is a terrorist who should be interrogated for his actions
(b) X should be allowed to act in accordance with his religious beliefs
(c) X is a radicalised Muslim because all men with long beards are radicals.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Strict and meticulous compliance with religious tenets are not signs of
radicalism or extremism. In a civilized democracy, every person has a right to profess and
practice his religious beliefs.)
5. X, a citizen of Germany holds strong anti-immigration views, and is extremely unhappy
with the influx of Muslim refugees from Syria. X attacks Muslims in a mosque in his
neighbourhood during the Friday congregational prayers in order to create fear and panic
in the Muslim community.
(a) X is a terrorist because he is deliberately targeting innocent civilians with the
intention of inflicting harm on them because of their religious beliefs.
(b) X has a right to express his anti-immigration views by attacking Muslims in his
community.
(c) X has a right to protect his country and way of life from an influx of Muslim refugees.

(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Deliberately inflicting harm on innocent and unarmed individuals without
valid justification is an act of terrorism).
6. X is the head of a local militia in State-A, which has recently seceded from State B by
declaring its independence in order to exercise its right of self-determination. State- B
refuses to recognise State A. X leads his militia in armed combat against the army of
State- B. Which of the statements is TRUE?
(a) X is a terrorist because he is engaging in armed warfare with State B’s armed
forces.
(b) X is not a terrorist because every people has a right of self-determination, and X is
merely seeking to enforce such right.
(c) X is a war criminal as his local militia force has killed members of State B’s army
in armed combat.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: It is often said that one man’s freedom fighter is another man’s terrorist.
In this case, X is waging a lawful war against the army of State B in exercise of the
right of self-determination of the people of State A. As such, by mere participation in
armed combat against State B, X cannot be said to be a terrorist or a war criminal).
7. X, a citizen of the UK, leaves for Syria to join the ISIS because he believes it is his
religious duty to establish a pan-Islamic state. In Syria, he is trained and ordered to kill
innocent civilians by his superiors as a means of achieving their goal of establishing the
so-called Islamic state. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) X is a terrorist and a war criminal as he is deliberately inflicting harm on
innocent civilians.
(b) X is not a terrorist because he is killing innocent civilians to implement his
political agenda.
(c) X has not committed any offence as he was merely following the orders of his
superiors.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Deliberate infliction of harm on innocent unarmed civilians without any
valid justification is an act of terrorism. It is not a defence to say that such acts were
committed at the behest of the orders of a superior).
8. In recent years, there has been a rise of violent extremism because of which of the
following factors:
(a) Use of modern communication technology
(b) Cross-border nature of terrorist groups
(c) Unprecedented access to lethal weapons
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: Increasing globalization in recent years has been characterized by swift
communications and open markets. All of the above factors have given rise to increased
extremism).

9. X is the founder of a political party which advocates abolition of a democratic form of
government and establishing one-party rule. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) X’s political programs challenge the accepted norms and values of politics and are
extremist in nature.

(b) X is free to air his political views, and as such, his political programs cannot be said to be
extremist.
(c) X cannot be said to be a political extremist because democratic politics have failed to
address issues of global peace and security.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Any political party or group which adopts policies which are in opposition to
the existing political cultures, norms and values of society (i.e., for instance advocating
dictatorship) can be said to be ‘extremist’ in nature).
10. In the 1930s and 1940s, the Nazi Party in Germany demanded Germans to express
unflinching loyalty to the party and its leader. Which of the following statements is
TRUE:
(a) the Nazi Party is a classical example of political extremism
(b) the Nazi Party was not ‘extremist’ as Hitler was elected by the people of Germany
(c) the Nazi Party and its leaders had country wide popular support for its programs, and
thus cannot be termed as ‘extremist’.
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: the Nazi Party’s policies can be said to be extremist in nature as it
advocated one party rule and suppressed diversity of political views.)
11. A person found guilty of the offence of terrorist financing under section 7 of the Anti-
Terrorism Act, 2009 may be sentenced to a maximum period of:
(a) 20 years
(b) 10 years
(c) 5 years
(d) 7 years
(Explanation: section 7(3) of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009 provides that the maximum
sentence for a person convicted of ‘terrorist financing’ is 20 years)
12. With regard to the offence of terrorist financing under section 7 of the Anti-Terrorism
Act, 2009, which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) the accused person has to willfully provide or receive money with the intention that it will
be used to carry out terrorist activity
(b) the funds in question must be from an illegitimate source.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: According to section 7(1)(a) of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009, an individual
is guilty of the offence of terrorist financing if he willfully provides or receives money
with the intention that it will be used for conducting terrorist activities. Funds may be
from legitimate or illegitimate sources).

13. Under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009, ‘Terrorist activities’ include the following acts done
for the purpose of threatening the integrity and sovereignty of Bangladesh:
(a) killing, causing grievous hurt or kidnapping any person;
(b) abets or instigates any person to commit murder
(c) damages or attempts to damage the property of any person
(d) All of the above

(Explanation: According to section 6(1)(a) of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009, all the acts listed
in (a), (b) and (c) are ‘terrorist activities’).
14. A person found guilty of committing ‘terrorist activities’ by killing another person for the
purpose of threatening the integrity and sovereignty of Bangladesh, shall be liable under
the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009 to be sentenced to:
(a) death or life imprisonment
(b) 20 years
(c) 10 years
(d) none of the above.
(Explanation: Section 6(2) of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009 provides for a sentence of death
or life imprisonment in case of conducting terrorist activities by murdering an individual for
the purpose of threatening the sovereignty of Bangladesh).
15. X persuades his best friend, Y to join ‘Al-Sakar’, a global organisation with headquarters
in Libya. 6 months after Y joins the organisation, the government of Bangladesh bans Al-
Sakar under section 18 of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009. Which of the following
statements is TRUE?
(a) Y’s membership of Al-Sakar is an offence for which he is liable to be imprisoned.
(b) Y joined Al-Sakar before it was banned and so Y may continue to be a member of the
organisation.
(c) Mere membership of a banned organisation is not an offence unless Y commits an
overt criminal act.
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: According to section 8 of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009, if any person is
a member of a prohibited entity, he commits an offence)

16. X publishes a post on his Facebook wall stating that he is a member of ‘Al-Askar Youth
Brigade’ which has been banned by the Government of Bangladesh under section 18 of
the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009. In fact X is not a member of the organisation. Which of the
following statements is TRUE?
(a) X has not committed any offence as he has not actually joined the Al-Askar Youth
Brigade
(b) X has committed an offence by claiming to be a member of a proscribed organization
(c) X has the freedom to post as he wishes on his facebook wall and cannot be prosecuted
for such actions.
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: According to section 8 of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009, it is an offence to
claim to be a member of a prohibited entity)
17. Membership of an organisation which is banned under section 18 of the Anti-Terrorism
Act, 2009 is punishable by a maximum sentence of
(a) 6 months
(b) 2 years
(c) 5 years
(d) 7 years
(Explanation: Section 8 of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009 provides that a person who is a
member of a prohibited entity may be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding 6 months.)

18. X is a member of Al-Askar Youth Brigade, which has been banned by the Government. X
requests his friend, Y to attend a meeting of the organisation and deliver a speech to its
members. Which of the following statements is TRUE:
(a) X has committed an offence by inviting Y to deliver a speech to support members of a
banned organisation.
(b) Y has committed an offence because he has been approached to deliver a speech to a
terrorist organisation.
(c) Both X and Y have committed offences
(d) Neither X nor Y have committed any offence
(Explanation: according to section 9(1) of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009, it is an offence
to invite a person support a banned entity).
19. X publishes a post in his facebook wall inviting donations to Al-Askar Youth Brigade, a
banned organisations, to support its rehabilitation programs for flood affected victims in
the northern regions of Bangladesh.
(a) X has committed an offence by requesting support to be provided to a banned
organisation
(b) X has not committed any offence as he is merely trying to help flood affected victims.
(c) Mere publication of a facebook post is not punishable under any law.
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: According to section 9 of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009, asking for support
for a proscribed entity with intent to facilitate its activities is an offence)

20. Making a speech at a meeting with intent to support and encourage the activities of a
banned organisation is an offence punishable by a maximum sentence of:
(a) 7 years
(b) 10 years
(c) 12 years
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: Section 9(3) of the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009 provides that the maximum
sentence for making a speech at a meeting organized to encourage the activities of a
banned entity shall be 7 years)
21. What are the drivers of violent extremism?
(a) Rejection of growing diversity in society
(b) Political exclusion and shrinking civil space
(c) Perceptions of injustice, corruption and mistreatment of minority groups
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: Violent extremism is the result of a wide variety of factors, which includes
shrinking of political space, suppression of minority voices, intolerance towards diverse
views, and consequent perceptions of injustice and mistreatment. All of the factors listed in
(a)-(c) have been found in various studies to be drivers of violent extremism).

22. Political extremism may be curbed by:
(a) Allowing legitimate political opposition and dissent
(b) Reaching a consensus among political parties to refrain from using violence to subvert the
political order

(c) Improving the system of delivery of justice with particular emphasis on the independence
of the judiciary and on the professionalism and competence of law enforcement agents
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: Free and open participation of entities in the political sphere helps to curb
political extremism. When parties and individuals are allowed to express diverse political
views and advocate their policies freely, they are not likely to subvert widely accepted
political cultures and norms. Neutral and competent law enforcement agencies and an
independent judiciary are also essential factors for allowing political parties to flourish and
curb extremism in the political sphere.)

23. Religious extremism may be prevented by:
(a) Developing awareness programs about the ideological challenge of religious extremism
and terrorism
(b) Developing programs for identifying and supporting people at risk of being radicalised
(c) Blocking access to online content that encourages radicalisation
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: Religious extremism is often predicated on an incorrect understanding of
religious scriptures. One of the most effective ways to curb religious extremism is to create
awareness among the youth of the ideological challenge of religious extremism. There should
be sufficient literature available in the form of books, leaflets and pamphlets addressing the
issue from an academic as well as practical perspective. Propagation of extremist literature
should be curbed so as to reduce the scope of radicalization. Vulnerable and marginalized
sections of the community at risk of being radicalized should be brought within the fold of
community programs designed to curb extremism and radicalization).
24. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) Economic exclusion and limited opportunities for upward mobility may contribute to
violent extremism
(b) Political exclusion is the only driver of violent extremism.
(c) Violent extremism is part and parcel of modern society and has to be accepted.
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: Marginalisation and detachment from mainstream society, whether in the form
of economic or political exclusion, contributes to violent extremism).

25. X is found to be in possession of plans for exploding the Statute of Liberty. The police
arrest X and detain him for questioning. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) X should not be detained or interrogated because he has not committed any harm against
any person.
(b) X is not guilty of an offence as he has not yet blown up the Statute of Liberty
(c) X has every right in a free society to carry plans for exploding the Statue of Liberty as
long as he does not implement such plans
(d) None of the above.
(Explanation: In all countries, police have the right to arrest and detain a person for a limited
period if there is a reasonable grounds to suspect that he is about to commit an offence
punishable under the law. Possession of plans to blow up a building or a statute is a valid
ground for detention and interrogation for a limited duration).

Migrant crisis education/ Global citizen /global education. Definition of immigrant/ cause of migrants/ financial migration/ Force/persecution/ refuge/ global impact on migration /human trafficking/prevention guideline / punishment . Example/ 25mcq &answer/guideline&advise. 1000wd

Definition:
Migration signifies the movement of any person or group of persons across an international border or within a country away from his/her/their habitual place of dwelling in order to settle permanently or
temporarily at a new location. The word ‘migrant’ has been used to designate people who move by choice rather than escape conflict or persecution across an international border. The vast majority of
people of Bangladesh migrate voluntarily for economic, academic and family reasons. There are important differences between the terms ‘migrant’ and ‘refugee’. The terms ‘migrant’ and
‘refugee’ cannot be used interchangeably. A person who due to well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is
outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country is a refugee. An example of refugees is the Rohingyas in Bangladesh.
Cause of Migration:
Employment opportunities are the most common reasons due to which people migrate. Apart from this, lack of opportunities, better education and sometimes political persecution play a role in migration.
Economic migration whether permanent or seasonal is a common form of migration. An economic migrant is someone who emigrates from one region to another, including crossing international borders,
seeking an improved standard of living, because the conditions or job opportunities in the migrant’s own region are insufficient. In economic migration people move from poorer or developing areas into richer
areas where wages are higher and more jobs are available. It is also common for people from rural areas to move to more competitive urban areas in order to find more opportunities. Social factors motivating
migration grow from the human needs and desires to achieve a better quality of life. Migrants often move to ensure better opportunities for themselves or their families, like sending their child to a better, safer
school or finding a job that would not only have a sufficient salary, but also important benefits and career growth prospects. Environmental factors cause displacement. Crop failure for example, often results in both food scarcity and a drop in agricultural jobs, prompting people to move to a place with better job opportunities and climate. Pollution of water, air and soil in both urban and rural settings can also create a serious health risk for locals, forcing them to look for a better life for themselves and their children. Discrimination based on nationality, race, religion, political beliefs, or membership status in a particular
social group also prompt people to move large distances in search of a safer living. Migration can be reduced by creating circumstances and job opportunities in the place of residence so as
to discourage potential migrants from leaving.

Global Impact of Migration
Migration is a key feature of our increasingly interconnected world. Millions of people around the world are being forced from their residence. From war to climate change people are risking everything to escape
conflict, disaster, persecution and poverty. Refugees and migrants have been increasingly subject to stigma and discrimination. Children, including unaccompanied and separated children have become
more exposed to psychological distress, sexual abuse and violence. The economic impacts of migration vary widely. Sending countries may experience both gains and losses in the short term but may stand to gain over the longer term. Developing countries can suffer from brain drain and loss of trained and educated individuals due to emigration. For receiving countries temporary worker programs help to address skills shortages but may decrease domestic wages and add to public welfare burden. The economic effects of migration for both sending and receiving countries may also vary depending on who is moving (for instance it may depend on the level of skills of the migrant). For sending countries, the short-term economic benefit of emigration is found in remittances. Remittances are funds that emigrants earn abroad and send back to their home countries, mainly in order to support families left behind. Remittances are more stable and predictable as compared to other financial flows and, more importantly, they are counter-cyclical providing buffer against economic shocks. In providing primarily for household livelihoods, remittances are spent on general consumption items in local communities that contribute to
local economies by supporting small businesses. A fair share of these expenditures is directed to the construction of homes, health care and education, alongside savings in financial institutions, thereby
generating employment in these critical services sectors. Moreover, in contributing to foreign exchange earnings, remittances can spur economic growth by improving sending countries’ creditworthiness and
expanding their access to international capital markets.
Human Trafficking:
Human trafficking is recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons through threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim for the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs. Limited socio-economic opportunities drive people to look for opportunities abroad. Sometimes these people fall into the hands of human trafficking networks, ending up in forced labour or other exploitative situations abroad. The main reasons behind the increased rate of human trafficking are poverty, gender discrimination, social exclusion, lack of awareness, illiteracy, and poor governance system.
Punishment:
Trafficking in people is prohibited in Bangladesh. The country has tough laws against human trafficking. The Human Trafficking Prevention and Control Act, 2012 prescribes death penalty for human trafficking. Earlier in January 2002, Bangladesh signed the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Prevention and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution.
Guidelines:
In order to prevent and control trafficking criminal prosecutions and punishments for all forms of labor trafficking, including those involving fraudulent labor recruitment and forced child labour
must be ensured. Developing mechanisms for registration of all migrant workers, including those from rural areas and cross-border points, fortifying border control particularly in the trafficking
hotspots and improving oversight on recruiting agencies to ensure they are not promoting practices that contribute to trafficking would also prevent trafficking. Awareness campaigns should be
enhanced targeting potential domestic and international migrants to reduce trafficking hazards.

Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Migration means:
(a) Visiting to a foreign land for business purpose
(b) Travelling to foreign country to see its culture and heritage
(c) Wandering here and there
(d) Crossing an international border or leaving one’s habitual residence in order to settle
permanently or temporarily
(Explanation: Migration signifies the moving of any person or group of persons across an
international border or within a country away from his/her/their habitual place of dwelling in order
to settle permanently or temporarily at a new location.)
2. X and Y have moved voluntarily from city ‘A’ to city ‘B’ for settling in city ‘B’ temporarily for
searching employment:
(a) X and Y are migrants.
(b) X and Y are visitors.
(c) X and Y are travellers.
(d) X and Y are refugees.
(Explanation: X and Y’s action is an act of migration as migration signifies the moving of any
person or group of persons across an international border or within a country away from
his/her/their habitual place of dwelling in order to settling permanently or temporarily at a new
location for employment, etc..)
3. X is a political activist of country ‘A’ who fled to country B due to political persecution:
(a) X is visitor in country B
(b) X has become international citizen
(c) X is a traveler
(d) X is a refugee in country B

(Explanation: X would be regarded as a refugee in country B as he fled country A due to well-
founded fear of persecution for his political opinion.)

4. X, Y and Z have moved from country ‘A’ to country ‘B’ for settling in country ‘B’ with their
parents:
(a) X, Y and Z are refugees.
(b) X Y and Z’s are travelers
(c) X, Y and Z are temporary visitors
(d) X, Y and Z’s action is an act of migration
(Explanation: X, Y and Z’s action is migration as Migration signifies the moving of any person or
group of persons across an international border or within a country away from his/her/their
habitual place of dwelling in order to settling permanently or temporarily at a new location.)

5. X and Y are young Rohingyas who fled country ‘A’ and entered into country ‘B’ due to
persecution by military of country ‘A’:
(a) X and Y are delegates of country A
(b) X and Y are migrants in country B
(c) X and Y’s are visitors in country B
(d) X and Y’s are refugees in country B

(Explanation: X and Y’s action is an act of refugee due to the fact that a person(s) who due to well-
founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular

social group or political opinions, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing
to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country is a refugee.)
6. X is a graduate of country ‘A’ who has gone to country ‘B’ for higher study.
(a) X is a refugee in country B
(b) X is a delegate of country A in country B
(c) X is a migrant in country B
(d) X is refugee in country B
(Explanation: X’ action is not an act of migration as migration signifies the moving of any person
or group of persons across an international border or within a country away from his/her/their
habitual place of dwelling in order to settling permanently or temporarily at a new location.)
7. Tanvir and Tanim have moved from a village in Sylhet to Dhaka for settling permanently:
(a) Tanvir and Tanim are internal refugees
(b) Tanvir and Tanim are internal migrants
(c) Tanvir and Tanim are visitors
(d) Tanvir and Tanim are travellers
(Explanation: Tanvir and Tanim’s action is amount to migration as migration signifies the moving
of any person or group of persons within a country away from his/her/their habitual place of
dwelling in order to settling permanently or temporarily at a new location.)
8. Which one of the following is the most common reason of migration by youths:
(a) Study
(b) Curiosity to know the unknown land
(c) Better health care
(d) Employment opportunities
(Explanation: Employment opportunity is a most common reason for migration.)

9. A, a skilled doctor has moved from country ‘X’ to country ‘Y’ for settling in country ‘Y’
permanently. What are the advantages of county X because of the move:
(a) A’s remittances will increase foreign reserves.
(b) A’s remittances will generate economic activity in country X.
(c) A’s remittances will It will increase savings of country X’s financial institutions.
(d) All of the above.
(Explanation: A’s act of send back money to his country of origin will do all of the above (a) to
(c). , B and C’s actions are acts of migration as migration signifies the moving of any person or

group of persons across an international border or within a country away from his/her/their
habitual place of dwelling in order to settling permanently or temporarily at a new location.)
10. Identify a reason for migration by youth from developing country to developed country from the
list below:
(a) Lack of employment opportunity in home country
(b) Domestic violence
(c) Curiosity to see the natural beauty of different country
(d) Melancholy
(Explanation: Lack of opportunities, better education and sometimes due to political turmoil youth
of developing country migrate to developed country.)

11. X has moved along with family from country ‘A’ to country ‘B’ for better standard of education
and living. What are disadvantages for country A:
(a) People left behind will become upset angry,
(b) There are now less people in country A.
(c) brain drain- loss of skilled workers.
(d) None of the above
(Explanation: X’s action will result in loss of skilled workers from his counyty A)
12. In economic migration people usually move to:
(a) Countries having beautiful natural sights
(b) Developed countries where wages are higher and more jobs are available
(c) Countries which have religious importance
(d) Countries having enormous natural resources
(Explanation: In economic migration people move from poorer or developing areas into richer
areas where wages are higher and more jobs are available.)
13. In economic migration it is common for people from rural areas to move to more competitive
urban areas:
(a) In order to enjoy city life
(b) In order to gather different experiences of city life
(c) In order to find more employment opportunities
(d) In order to gather knowledge
(Explanation: It is a common aspect of economic migration that people from rural areas usually
move to more competitive urban areas in order to find more opportunities.)
14. X has moved with family from village ‘A’ to city ‘B’ due to erosion of his homeland by a river:
(a) X’s action is an act of refugee
(b) X’s action is an act of migration due to political reason
(c) X’s action is a migrant due to cultural factor
(d) X’s action is an act of migration due to environmental factor
(Explanation: X’s action is a migration prompted by the environmental factors. Environmental
factors cause displacement.)

15. Which one of the following does cause migration for environmental factor:
(a) Pollution of water
(b) Better standard of living
(c) Economic hardship
(d) Persecution and discrimination based on race
(Explanation: Pollution of water, air and soil in both urban and rural areas can create a serious
health risk to locals forcing them to look for a better life in another place.)
16. Developing countries may suffer from brain drain:
(a) Due to political unrest
(b) Due to corruption
(c) Due to migration
(d) Due to lack of natural resources
(Explanation: Statistics shows that developing countries may suffer from brain drain and loss of
trained and educated individuals due to emigration.)
17. For sending countries the short-term economic benefit of emigration is:
(a) Loss of workers
(b) Remittances
(c) Brain drain
(d) Preservation of environment
(Explanation: Remittances are funds that emigrants earn abroad and send back to their home
countries which are spent on general consumption items in local communities that contribute to
local economies by supporting small businesses.)
18. X as a head of recruiting agency in country ‘A’ transferred ‘Y’ on promise of employment to
country ‘B’ for the purpose of forced labour:
(a) X’s action is an act of emigration
(b) X’s action is an act of providing employment
(c) X’s action is an act of human trafficking
(d) X’s action is an act of benevolence
(Explanation: X’s action is an act of human trafficking as human trafficking signifies recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons through threat or use of force, coercion,
abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a
person in control of the victim for the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploiting the
prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced labour.)
19. X upon false promise of providing better job induced Y a female worker to travel foreign land
where she was compelled to be a prostitute :
(a) X’s action is an act of providing employment
(b) X’s action is an act of migration
(c) X’s action is punishable for human trafficking
(d) X’s action is lawful as prostitution is not illegal in Bangladesh
(Explanation: X’s action is an act of human trafficking which is punishable by The Human
Trafficking Prevention and Control Act, 2012.)

20. Identify the reasons from the list below which cause increased rate of human trafficking:
(a) Pollution of water and soil
(b) Better standard of living and healthy environment
(c) Domestic violence
(d) Poverty and gender discrimination
(Explanation: Statistics shows that main reasons behind the increased rate of human trafficking are
poverty, gender discrimination, social exclusion, lack of awareness, illiteracy, and poor
governance system.)
21. Identify the reasons from the list below which are behind the increased rate of human trafficking:
(a) Pollution of air and water
(b) Bad performance in school and college
(c) Domestic violence
(d) lack of awareness and illiteracy
(Explanation: Statistics shows that main reasons behind the increased rate of human trafficking are
poverty, gender discrimination, social exclusion, lack of awareness, illiteracy, and poor governance
system.)
22. Which of the following law prescribes punishment for human trafficking in Bangladesh:
(a) The Penal Code, 1860
(b) The Evidence Act, 1872
(c) The Human Trafficking Prevention and Control Act, 2012
(d) The Prevention of Repression on Woman and Children Act, 2000
(Explanation: Government of Bangladesh enacted The Human Trafficking Prevention and Control
Act, 2012 for punishing human trafficker.)
23. Maximum punishment prescribed by The Human Trafficking Prevention and Control Act, 2012 is:
(a) Life imprisonment
(b) Transportation
(c) Death
(d) Imprisonment for ten years and fine
(Explanation: Section 7 of the Human Trafficking Prevention and Control Act, 2012 prescribes
highest punishment i.e. death for human trafficking.)
24. Minimum punishment prescribed by The Human Trafficking Prevention and Control Act, 2012 is:
(a) Death
(b) Five years imprisonment and fine
(c) Seven years imprisonment
(d) Three years imprisonment and fine
(Explanation: Section 8 of the Human Trafficking Prevention and Control Act, 2012 prescribes
minimum punishment i.e. three years imprisonment and fine of Taka 20,000/- for inducing,
conspiring and abetting human trafficking.)
25. For prevention of crime of human trafficking government must ensure:

(a) Better standard of living
(b) Prosecutions and punishments for all forms of human trafficking and greater awarfeness.
(c) Proper training of self-defence to woman and children
(d) None of the above,
(Explanation: Lax enforcement of law indulges the criminal to commit crime. In order to prevent
and control human trafficking criminal prosecutions and punishments for all forms of trafficking
must be ensured.)